Reflection and Transmission of Longitudinal Displacement Wave through Micropolar Fluid Interlayer in Micropolar Solid

2013 ◽  
Vol 438-439 ◽  
pp. 408-412
Author(s):  
Song Yang Dang ◽  
Hong Yu Xu ◽  
Qing Yong Sun ◽  
Bin Liang
Keyword(s):  
Micropolar Fluid ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Longitudinal Displacement ◽  
Reflection And Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Waves ◽  
Displacement Wave ◽  
Fluid Theory

Based on micropolar fluid theory and micropolar solid elasticity theory, reflection and transmission characteristics of longitudinal displacement wave and two coupled waves are studied when incident longitudinal displacement plane wave propagates through micropolar fluid interlayer in micropolar solid. Theoretical and numerical analytical results reveal that in general the amplitude ratios of various reflected and transmitted waves are functions of the incidence angle, the frequency of the incident wave and the material properties of the medium. At normal incidence, the reflection and transmission of only longitudinal waves take place and no coupled transverse wave is found to reflect or transmit. At grazing incidence, no reflection or transmission phenomena take place and the same wave propagates along the interface. The change rules of the amplitudes varied with incident angle are also discussed.

Propagation Characteristics of Longitudinal Displacement Wave in Micropolar Fluid with Micropolar Elastic Plate

2011 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 923-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Yong Sun ◽  
Hong Yu Xu ◽  
Bin Liang
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Coefficient ◽  
Elastic Plate ◽  
Micropolar Fluid ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Longitudinal Displacement ◽  
Reflection And Transmission ◽  
Variation Characteristics ◽  
Displacement Wave ◽  
Fluid Theory

Based on micropolar fluid theory and micropolar solid elasticity theory, reflection and transmission characteristics of three kinds of micropolar elastic waves, which are longitudinal displacement wave and two coupled waves, were studied when incident longitudinal displacement wave propagated in micropolar fluid with micropolar elastic plate. Using numerical example, the variations of various amplitudes are also shown against the angle of incidence and the variation characteristics of various amplitudes are discussed. Results show that there exist maximum values of reflection and transmission coefficient for coupled wave, however, there exist minimum values of reflection coefficient for longitudinal displacement wave, and transmission coefficient decreases with the incident angle and the transmission coefficient are smaller for bigger incident angle.

Propagation Characteristics of Coupled Wave through Micropolar Fluid Interlayer in Micropolar Elastic Solid

2013 ◽  
Vol 721 ◽  
pp. 729-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Yang Dang ◽  
Hong Yu Xu ◽  
Qing Yong Sun ◽  
Bin Liang
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Coefficient ◽  
Micropolar Fluid ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Elastic Solid ◽  
Longitudinal Displacement ◽  
Reflection And Transmission ◽  
Reflection And Transmission Coefficient ◽  
Displacement Wave ◽  
Fluid Theory ◽  
Coupled Wave

Based on micropolar fluid theory and micropolar solid elasticity theory, reflection and transmission characteristics of longitudinal displacement wave and two coupled waves were studied when incident coupled wave propagated through micropolar fluid interlayer in micropolar elastic solid. Using numerical example, the rules of the reflection waves and refraction waves amplitudes varied with incident angle are also discussed. Results show that there exist extremum values of reflection and transmission coefficient for coupled wave. There are two peaks and one zero value of transmission coefficient for longitudinal displacement wave.

Design and Analysis of Hard X-Ray Microscope Employing Toroidal Mirrors Working at Grazing-Incidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (04) ◽  
pp. 2055010
Author(s):  
Ying Cui ◽  
Yadong Yan ◽  
Bingjing Wu ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Junhua He
Keyword(s):  
Optical Axis ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Imaging Diagnosis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Axis Offset ◽  
Better Than

A high resolution microscope is designed for plasma hard X-ray (10–20[Formula: see text]keV) imaging diagnosis. This system consists of two toroidal mirrors, which are nearly parallel, with an angle twice that of the grazing incidence angle and a plane mirror for spectral selection and correction of optical axis offset. The imaging characteristics of single toroidal mirror and double mirrors are analyzed in detail by the optical path function. The optical design, parameter optimization, image quality simulation and analysis of the microscope are carried out. The optimized hard X-ray microscope has a resolution better than 5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m at 1[Formula: see text]mm object field of view. The experimental data shows that the variation of the resolution is smaller in the direction of incident angle decrease than that in the increasing direction.

Growth of nano-dots on the grazing-incidence mirror surface under FEL irradiation

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Kozhevnikov ◽  
A. V. Buzmakov ◽  
F. Siewert ◽  
K. Tiedtke ◽  
M. Störmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Mirror Surface ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Reflection Angle ◽  
Hydrocarbon Molecules ◽  
Total Disappearance

A new phenomenon on X-ray optics surfaces has been observed: the growth of nano-dots (40–55 nm diameter, 8–13 nm height, 9.4 dots µm−2surface density) on the grazing-incidence mirror surface under irradiation by the free-electron laser (FEL) FLASH (5–45 nm wavelength, 3° grazing-incidence angle). With a model calculation it is shown that these nano-dots may occur during the growth of a contamination layer due to polymerization of incoming hydrocarbon molecules. The crucial factors responsible for the growth of nano-dots in the model are the incident peak intensity and the reflection angle of the beam. A reduction of the peak intensity (e.g.replacement of the FEL beam by synchrotron radiation) as well as a decrease of the incident angle by just 1° (from 3° to 2°) may result in the total disappearance of the nano-dots. The model calculations are compared with surface analysis of two FLASH mirrors.

Anomalous peaks in grazing incidence thin film X-ray diffraction

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Vaia ◽  
Maura S. Weathers ◽  
William A. Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Polymeric Thin Films ◽  
Diffraction Geometry ◽  
Sample Orientation ◽  
Diffuse Surface

Numerous spurious X-ray peaks were encountered during grazing incidence angle diffractometer scans of ceramic and polymeric thin films on crystalline and amorphous substrate materials. At least three possible sources of spurious peaks are identified. (1) At (2θ) values greater than ∼ 10°, Laue reflections from characteristic and Bremsstrahlung continuum radiation produce spurious peaks with a (2θ) dependence on X-ray incident angle and sample orientation. At (2θ) values less than 10°, (2) specular X-ray reflection from a boundary between two media of different indices of refraction and (3) diffuse surface scattering produces spurious peaks with a dependence on X-ray incident angle and sample surface topography. From an understanding of the spurious peaks, improved experimental techniques may be developed. Because these peaks can interfere significantly with grazing incidence diffractometer scans, it is particularly important to those making studies of thin films by this asymmetric diffraction geometry to be aware of the existence and origins of these spurious peaks.

scholarly journals A Convenient Way to Determine the Optimum Angle of Incidence of Fizeau Interferometer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10678
Author(s):  
Bowen Du ◽  
Yuquan Zheng ◽  
Chao Lin ◽  
Hang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Wedge Angle ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Fizeau Interferometer ◽  
Optimal Angle ◽  
Suppression Effect ◽  
Estimation Formula ◽  
Modified Method

In a Fizeau interferometer, off-axis illumination will lead to fringe optimization. Primarily due to the unique structure of our interferometer, we first analyze the influence of the optical properties of the parallel plate as a part of the interferometer on the optimal incident angle. Generally, the incident angle determination is mainly based on the graphing method proposed by Langenbeck and the estimation formula proposed by Kajava. However, Langenbeck’s method is cumbersome, and the error of Kajava’s estimation formula is large. Based on the predecessors, this paper proposes a modified method of determining the optimal angle of incidence and further derives more accurate optimal angle expressions than Kajava’s. By simply substituting the wedge angle of the wedge cavity and the reflectivity of the cavity, the optimum incidence angle can be obtained immediately. Thus, it eliminates the tedious and complex process of finding the optimum incident angle by graphing method and makes the formula method the simplest method to find the optimum incident angle. Finally, the comparison of the interference intensity at the optimum incidence angle calculated by the improved method and normal incidence is given. It is found that the beam has a good suppression effect on the sub-peak when it is incident at the optimum incident angle calculated by the method in this paper.

Characterization of Ferroelectric PZT Thin Films - Line Broadening Study (Using Grazing Incidence Geometry)

1991 ◽  
Vol 35 (A) ◽  
pp. 601-605
Author(s):  
Michael O. Eatough ◽  
Raymond P. Goehner ◽  
Thomas J. Headley ◽  
Bruce A. Tuttle
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Incidence Geometry ◽  
Line Broadening

AbstractFerroelectric polycrystalline thin films are being pursued as materials for use in the next generation of radiation hardened nonvolatile semiconductor memories, optical switches and optical computers. Of particular interest are PZT films with a composition near the morphotropic phase boundary. In order to fully understand the the difference in electrical properties as a function of processing parameters it is necessary to fully characterize phase composition and crystallographic properties of these films. Since some films are produced by either spinning or dipping successive layers to obtain the desired thickness it was necessary to compare the properties of each layer.X-ray diffraction techniques employing parallel beam optics with grazing incidence angle geometry were used to characterize the films. Experimental procedures using sealed tube xray diffraction systems to determine differences in crystallite size and microstrain as a function of depth into the films are a rather unique application of this technique. Discerning the contribution to line broadening due to phase changes, grazing incident angle geometry, crystallite size and microstrain are key to the success of this technique.This paper discusses the experimental techniques employed and will demonstrate how we were able to successfully determine microstrain as a function of depth into the film. We use transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to aid in the characterization of the films. A brief description of the processing procedures used to produce the films is also provided.

scholarly journals Towards Transabdominal Functional Photoacoustic Imaging of the Placenta: Improvement in Imaging Depth Through Optimization of Light Delivery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristie Huda ◽  
Kenneth F. Swan ◽  
Cecilia T. Gambala ◽  
Gabriella C. Pridjian ◽  
Carolyn L. Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Delivery System ◽  
Light Propagation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Photoacoustic Imaging ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Light Delivery ◽  
Imaging Depth ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFunctional photoacoustic imaging of the placenta could provide an innovative tool to diagnose preeclampsia, monitor fetal growth restriction, and determine the developmental impacts of gestational diabetes. However, transabdominal photoacoustic imaging is limited in imaging depth due to the tissue’s scattering and absorption of light. The aim of this paper was to investigate the impact of geometry and wavelength on transabdominal light delivery. Our methods included the development of a multilayer model of the abdominal tissue and simulation of the light propagation using Monte Carlo methods. A bifurcated light source with varying incident angle of light, distance between light beams, and beam area was simulated to analyze the effect of light delivery geometry on the fluence distribution at depth. The impact of wavelength and the effects of variable thicknesses of adipose tissue and muscle were also studied. Our results showed that the beam area plays a major role in improving the delivery of light to deep tissue, in comparison to light incidence angle or distance between the bifurcated fibers. Longer wavelengths, with incident fluence at the maximum permissible exposure limit, also increases fluence within deeper tissue. We validated our simulations using a commercially available light delivery system and ex vivo human placental tissue. Additionally, we compared our optimized light delivery to a commercially available light delivery system, and conclude that our optimized geometry could improve imaging depth more than 1.6×, bringing the imaging depth to within the needed range for transabdominal imaging of the human placenta.

Depth Profile of Structure, Strain, and Composition in an Annealed Al-Cu-Fe-Cr Quasicrystalline Film

2001 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Daniels ◽  
D. King ◽  
J.S. Zabinski ◽  
Z.U. Rek ◽  
J.C. Bilello
Keyword(s):  
Residual Strain ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Rf Sputtering ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Composite Target ◽  
X Ray

ABSTRACTQuasicrystalline films were formed by RF sputtering from a powder composite target onto Inconel substrates, which produces a polymorphic nanoquasicrystalline grain structure, ~2.5 - 10 nm. Subsequent annealing at 500°C for 4 hours, at base pressures of below 5*10-5 Torr, and with Ar flow to 5 - 10 mT, fully develops the quasicrystalline structure with decagonal phase predominating, except near the termination surface. Analysis by XPS indicated extensive oxygen incorporation and limited aluminum enrichment at the termination surface. These results are correlated with structure and strain analysis via synchrotron grazing incidence x-ray scattering (GIXS). By varying the incident angle, hence the x-ray penetration depth, the evolution of an amorphous and crystalline crystalline secondary phases at the surface of the film has been detected. Residual strain analysis shows that this second phase induces a compressive residual strain of 0.10% as measured from the displacement of the major quasicrystalline peaks in the surface layers of the film.

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