A Review of the Concept of Fuel-Water Internally Rapid Mixing Injector in Burner System

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Farid Sies ◽  
Norrizal Mustaffa ◽  
Hanis Zakaria ◽  
Hamidon bin Salleh ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Burning Process ◽  
System A ◽  
Air Mixing ◽  
External Combustion

This paper reviews the effects of premix fluids between biodiesel, air, and water for external combustion especially open burner. During burning process, biodiesel combustion involves the fuel-air mixing characteristic such as oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants and viscosity that influences more NOx emissions than diesel fuel. The strategies to reduce NOx emission are acquired with water additional in biodiesel fuel mixing during early stage of burning process. The method to mix biodiesel-water with injector was acquired in burner system. A vast majority of author reported that the variation in mixing of blending biodiesel ratio and water was found to enhance the burning process and mixture formation thus predominantly reducing the NOx emissions.

Effect of Preheated Fuel on Mixture Formation of Biodiesel Spray

2013 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Khalid ◽  
Christian Yohan M. Jaat ◽  
Izzuddin Zaman ◽  
B. Manshoor ◽  
M.F.M. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Spray Atomization ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Spray Characteristics ◽  
Spray Penetration ◽  
Mixing Characteristics ◽  
Air Mixing

The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and viscosity thus influences to the different spray atomization and fuel air mixing characteristics. Purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of preheated biodiesel on fuel properties, spray characteristics and mixture formation. The detail behavior of mixture formation was investigated using the direct photography system with a digital color camera. This method can capture spray evaporation, spray length and mixture formation clearly with real images. Increased preheated fuel is found to enhance the spray penetration, resulting in increased the spray area and enhanced fuel-air premixing.

Compatibility Issue Related to the Use of Biodiesel with Automotive Materials

2015 ◽  
Vol 1125 ◽  
pp. 332-336
Author(s):  
Narisa Sa'at ◽  
Ariffin Samsuri ◽  
Khaidzir Hamzah ◽  
Hanizam Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Significant Issue ◽  
System A ◽  
Material Compatibility

Biodiesel fuel can be used in diesel engine in accordance to the standard provided. However, a significant issue with biodiesel fuel was noted. Some of the fuel quality were outside the accepted range of the specification stated in the standard. Thus, this can be lead to the problem of utilization them in diesel engine. Moreover, material compatibility is the main concern whenever the fuel composition is altered in the fuel system. A large variety of metals and non-metals are worn as the material of construction for the various components of the fuel system. Introduction of biodiesel fuel often generate many problems in the components of the fuel system. This paper attempts to present the compatibility issue related to the use of biodiesel with automotive materials.

Effect of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil on Mixture Formation and Emission of Burner Combustion

2014 ◽  
Vol 607 ◽  
pp. 620-624
Author(s):  
Amir Khalid ◽  
Latip Lambosi ◽  
M.M. Lokman ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
Izzuddin Zaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Burning Process ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Toxic Emission

Stringent emissions regulations and increasing concern on greenhouse emissions are challenging the researcher to find the alternative fuels like biomass and biodiesel. However, the main issue biodiesel fuel (BDF) from waste cooking oil (WCO) is high toxic emission of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) in burning process of burner combustion. Thus, the emulsification concept of BDF and water mixing were studied with focusing in controlling of combustion process especially during early stage combustion in order to minimize the harmful emission. This main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of biodiesel fuel from waste cooking oil on mixture formation and emission in burner system. The mixture formation behavior of BDF-water-air premixing was investigated due to this spray characteristics will contribute in combustion process that predominantly influence to the NOx and PM emission production. Blending of biodiesel ratio was varied from 5vol%(WCO5)-15vol%(WCO15). Water content under emulsified biodiesel was varied up to 15 percent, and equivalence ratio from 0.6 to 2.0. The real spray image of emulsified WCO fuel and different equivalence ratio were captured by optical visualization system together with color digital camera. The images of the spatial distribution of WCO fuel-water-air mixing will be further analyzed compared with the exhaust emission production in order to understand the influences of mixture formation on combustion process and burning process. Increased of water content, promoted fuel-air premixing and spray tip penetration thus predominantly influences to the reduction the exhaust emissions.

Experimental Investigation of Mixture Formation and Flame Development Using the Basics Technique of Schlieren Optical Visualization Principle

2014 ◽  
Vol 660 ◽  
pp. 474-478
Author(s):  
Dahrum Samsudin ◽  
Safwan Othman ◽  
M.D. Anuar ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
Amir Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Combustible Mixture ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Digital Video Camera ◽  
Optical Visualization ◽  
Flame Development ◽  
Air Mixing

The Schlieren technique remains to be one of the most powerful technique to visualize the flow and it is relatively easy to implement, high and variable sensitivity, low cost and its used conventional of light. This technique allows us to see the invisible of the optical inhomogeneities in transparent media like air, water and glass that otherwise cause only ghostly distortions of our normal vision. This research investigates the mixture formation and flame development of biodiesel fuel using the Schlieren optical visualization principle. This method can capture spray evaporation, spray interference, mixture formation and flame pattern clearly with real images. During the experiment, the camera lens was used with telephoto lenses (Nikon 70-300mm f/4-5.6G) in order to capture a large amount of light especially the low flame intensity during the initial flame development. The flame development was captured with color images from a color digital video camera. This method can capture the flow of fluids of varying density, such as spray evaporation, spray interference and mixture formation clearly with real images. The result shows that the mechanism of fuel-air mixing and a better comprehension of combustible mixture that can give valuable information to improve and optimize the combustion process.

Analysis of Mixture Formation and Flame Development in Biodiesel Burner Combustion Using Direct Optical Visualization Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Amir Khalid ◽  
M.D. Anuar ◽  
Mohamad Farid Sies ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
Izzuddin Zaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Visualization Technique ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Burning Process ◽  
Optical Visualization ◽  
Flame Development ◽  
Air Mixing ◽  
Emulsified Biodiesel

Despite years of emission-reduction attempts, biodiesel combustion still have problem of emitting NOx, CO and particulate matter (PM) into the atmosphere. To reduce emissions, the improvements throughout the combustion process have been considered with the enhancement fuel-air mixing. Optical visualization technique is very essential due to its ability to record real time color image of fuel-air premixing and flame development during burning process. The purpose of this study is to determine the relation between mixture formation and flame development of burner combustion using optical visualization technique and image processing technique. Blending of biodiesel ratio was varied from 5 vol% (B5) – 15 vol% (B15). Water content under emulsified biodiesel was varied up to 15 percent, and equivalence ratio from 0.6 to 2.0. The real spray image of emulsified biodiesel and different equivalence ratio were captured by direct photography method together with color digital camera. The images of the spatial distribution of fuel-air mixing and natural flame luminosity will be further analyzed and to obtain information of the flame development in order to understand the influences of fuel-air premixing on combustion process and burning process. Analysis of spray evaporation and observations of combustion process reveal that the mixture formation exhibit influences to the ignition process and flame development.

Effect of Storage Temperature and Storage Duration on Biodiesel Properties and Characteristics

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanis Zakaria ◽  
Amir Khalid ◽  
Mohamad Farid Sies ◽  
Norrizal Mustaffa ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor
Keyword(s):  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Refinery Process ◽  
And Storage

Biodiesel based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. Biodiesel is produced from any fat or oil such as soybean oil, through a refinery process called transesterification. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. Biodiesel can be used as a pure fuel or blended with petroleum in any percentage but the standard storage and handling procedures used for biodiesel are the main issue due to the biodiesel fuel specifications. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. In this research, three different storage temperature were study which are; low (0 5 °C), ambient, and high (40 50 °C). The key parameters that are required to store biodiesel are discussed, and the recent research advances are noted. Five types of biodiesel after storage all the samples for 2016 hours were tested plus with two product of combustion. Images analysis for combustion process was used to image appearances analysis. Under 2016 hours of storage duration, the effect of degradation was happen although the effect is not significance because the changes are still in acceptable ranges.

Study on Fuel Composition for the Performance Enhancement of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Operated with Biodiesel Fuel

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 3005-3011
Author(s):  
Q. T. Tran ◽  
Y. Shiratori ◽  
Y. Kakihara ◽  
T. Kitaoka ◽  
K. Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Oxide Fuel

Overview Effect of Biodiesel Storage on Properties and Characteristics

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanis Zakaria ◽  
Amir Khalid ◽  
Mohamad Farid Sies ◽  
Norrizal Mustaffa
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Storage Method ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Main Factor

Biofuels based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. This provides a critical review of current understanding of main factor in storage method which affecting the biodiesel properties and characteristics. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. Water and sediment contamination are basically housekeeping issues for biodiesel. Degradation by oxidation yields products that may compromise fuel properties, impair fuel quality and engine performance. The effect of storage method on the fuel properties and burning process in biodiesel fuel combustion will strongly affects the exhaust emissions.

Effects of fuel-air mixing on flame structures and NOx emissions in swirling methane jet flames

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1229-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Cheng ◽  
Y.-C. Chao ◽  
D.-C. Wu ◽  
T. Yuan ◽  
C.-C. Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Jet Flames ◽  
Air Mixing ◽  
Flame Structures

scholarly journals Characterization of a Novel Porous Injector for Multi-Lean Direct Injection (M-LDI) Combustor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianing Li ◽  
Umesh Bhayaraju ◽  
San-Mou Jeng
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Porous Tube ◽  
Lean Direct Injection ◽  
Air Mixing

A generic novel injector was designed for multi-Lean Direct Injection (M-LDI) combustors. One of the drawbacks of the conventional pressure swirl and prefilming type airblast atomizers is the difficulty of obtaining a uniform symmetric spray under all operating conditions. Micro-channels are needed inside the injector for uniformly distributing the fuel. The problem of non-uniformity is magnified in smaller sized injectors. The non-uniform liquid sheet causes local fuel rich/lean zones leading to higher NOx emissions. To overcome these problems, a novel fuel injector was designed to improve the fuel delivery to the injector by using a porous stainless steel material with 30 μm porosity. The porous tube also acts as a prefilming surface. Liquid and gaseous fuels can be injected through the injector. In the present study, gaseous fuel was injected to investigate injector fuel-air mixing performance. The gaseous fuel was injected through a porous tube between two radial-radial swirling air streams to facilitate fuel-air mixing. The advantage of this injector is that it increases the contact surface area between the fuel-air at the fuel injection point. The increased contact area enhances fuel-air mixing. Fuel-air mixing and combustion studies were carried out for both gaseous and liquid fuel. Flame visualization, and emissions measurements were carried out inside the exit of the combustor. The measurements were carried out at atmospheric conditions under fuel lean conditions. Natural gas was used as a fuel in these experiments. Fuel-air mixing studies were carried out at different equivalence ratios with and without confinement. The mass fraction distributions were measured at different downstream locations from the injector exit. Flame characterization was carried out by chemiluminescence at different equivalence ratios and inlet air temperatures. Symmetry of the flame, flame length and heat release distribution were analyzed from the flame images. The effects of inlet air temperature and combustion flame temperature on emissions was studied. Emissions were corrected to 15% O2 concentration. NOx emissions increase with inlet air temperature and flame temperature. Effect of flame temperature on NOx concentration is more significant than effect of inlet air temperature. Fuel-air mixing profile was used to obtain mass fraction Probability Density Function (pdf). The pdfs were used for simulations in Chemkin Pro. The measured emissions concentrations at the exit of the injector was compared with simulations. In Chemkin model, a network model with several PSRs (perfectly stirred reactor) were utilized, followed by a mixer and a PFR (plug flow reactor). The comparison between the simulations and the experimental results was investigated.

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