Comparison of KP Pulping Properties between Heartwood and Sapwood of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don

2011 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 1778-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Gao ◽  
Li Ping Zhang ◽  
Sheng Quan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Cedrus Deodara ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Major Factors

The case was carried out to study the variance of fiber feature, chemical composition and pulping property between heartwood and sapwood ofCedrus deodara (Roxb.)G. Don. As results showed, the mean fiber length in heartwood and sapwood of cedar were 1842 and 2552 µm separately, with the length-to- width ratio of 77.46 vs 79.41, and the wall-to-lumen ratio of 0.36 vs 0.38, respectively. The heartwood of cedar differed from sapwood in contents of chemical compositions, with holocellulose of 70.00% vs 75.87%, α- cellulose of 40.75% vs 42.75% and lignin of 26.64% vs 25.00%, respectively. Both the heartwood and sapwood of cedarwere excellent pulping material. By investigating pulp yield and Kappa number, it was proven that the caustic soda dosage and the duration of reaction temperature were major factors influencing KP pulping properties of cedar sapwood. Under the same technical conditions of pulping, the pulp of the cedar sapwood was lower in Kappa number and higher in yield and in viscosity compared with those of heartwood. The tensile index, tear index and burst index of paper made by sapwood were higher than those made by heartwood. The sapwood of cedar showed overall better pulping aptitude in comparison with heartwood.

Comparison of KP Pulping Properties between Heartwood and Sapwood of Popla I-69

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1437-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Gao ◽  
Li Ping Zhang ◽  
Sheng Quan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Major Factors

The case was carried out to study the variance of fiber feature, chemical composition and pulping property between heartwood and sapwood of poplar I-69. As results showed, the mean fiber length in heartwood and sapwood of poplar I-69 were 770 and 1146µm separately, with the length-to-width ratio of 42.56 vs 51.76, and the wall-to-lumen ratio of 0.40 vs 0.59, respectively. The heartwood of poplar I-69 differed from sapwood in contents of chemical compositions, with holocellulose of 82.65% vs 81.35%, α- cellulose of 42.83% vs 42.82% and lignin of 18.01% vs 21.68%, respectively. Both the heartwood and sapwood of poplar I-69were suitable for pulping material. By investigating pulp yield and Kappa number, it was proven that the caustic soda dosage and the duration of reaction temperature were major factors influencing KP pulping properties of poplar I-69 sapwood. Under the same technical conditions of pulping, the pulp of the poplar I-69 sapwood was lower in Kappa number and higher in yield and in viscosity compared with those of heartwood. The tensile index, tear index and burst index of paper made by sapwood were higher than those made by heartwood. The sapwood of poplar I-69 showed overall better pulping aptitude in comparison with heartwood.

Chemical, anatomical, and technology aspects of Eucalyptus benthamii and Eucalyptus dunii for use in an integrated pulp and paper mill

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
GISELY SAMISTRARO ◽  
PETER W. HART ◽  
JORGE LUIZ COLODETTE ◽  
RICARDO PAIM
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Physical Strength

Eucalyptus dunii has been commercially used in southern Brazil because of its relatively good frost tolerance and adequate productivity in the winter months. More recently, interest has grown in cultivating Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage, which presents even superior frost tolerance compared to E. dunii and is highly productive as well. The quality of E. benthamii for pulp production is not yet proven. Thus, the chemical, anatomical, and technological aspects of pulp made from E. benthamii were compared with those of E. dunii for unbleached paper production. Samples of E. benthamii chips were obtained and analyzed for their basic density, chemical composition, higher heating value, trace elemental analysis, and chip size distribution. The chips were kraft cooked using conditions that produced a 74 ± 6 kappa number. The pulps were characterized for kappa number, yield, viscosity, and morphologic characteristics (e.g., length, wall thickness, and coarseness). Black liquor was analyzed for total solids, organics, inorganics, sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate. Brownstocks were beaten at five different energy levels in a Valley beater, and the physical strength properties of 120 g/m² handsheets were measured to develop a beater curve. The results of this study showed differences in delignification between the two woods and lower pulp yield for E. benthamii , which are related to their chemical compositions and basic densities. The E. benthamii studied in this work exhibited higher amounts of lignin and extractives, lower carbohydrate content, and lower basic density. However, cooking a blend of the two woods afforded good results in pulping and in physical pulp properties.

Action Mechanism of the Improvement of Printability for Eucalypt Bleached Kraft Pulp Pretreated by Cellulase

2013 ◽  
Vol 779-780 ◽  
pp. 294-301
Author(s):  
Wan You Tang ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Zheng Jian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Fiber ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Pulp Sample ◽  
The Mean

Enzymatic refining of eucalypt bleached kraft pulp with the cellulase NOV476 was studied. The effects of this cellulase on the physical properties of pulp, fiber morphology and fiber appearance of the eucalypt bleached kraft pulp in different application conditions were discussed. The results show that, with the increase in the amount of enzyme, tensile strength index, burst index and TEA index of paper are increased and then decreased; elongation and tear index of paper have been declining, Zeeil tensile strength index has been an upward trend. Without beating the pulp sample, gradually increases as the amount of enzyme, the average fiber length and the average fiber width are gradually reduced, while mean kink index substantially constant. Number of vessels in fiber overall reduced tendency reaches a minimum in the amount of enzyme 0.5μ/g, the phenomenon is most obvious. In the same conditions of beating time, gradually increases as the amount of enzyme, the average fiber length is gradually reduced, an average fiber width is gradually increased, the mean kink index reaches a maximum in the amount of enzyme is 0.5μ/g. Number of vessels in fiber overall reduced trend.

Nonwood pulping: use of jute cuttings and caddis in Bangladesh

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SARWAR JAHAN ◽  
SUMON GOSH ◽  
M. MOSTAFIZUR RAHMAN ◽  
YONGHAO NI
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Tensile Index ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Better Than

Utilization of jute cutting and caddis is of social and economic importance in Bangladesh. In this study, soda-anthraquinone, alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone, and neutral sulfite-anthraquinone processes were evaluated for jute-cutting and caddis pulping. The NS-AQ process showed favorable pulp yield and kappa number for both of these raw materials: 66.1% for jute cuttings and 59.9% for caddis at kappa no. 11. The physical properties of NS-AQ pulps were also better than those of soda-AQ and AS-AQ pulps. At 0SR 44, the tensile index of NS-AQ pulp was about 100 N.m/g for jute cutting and 70 N.m/g for caddis, and the tear index was similar. All pulps were bleached by D0EpD1 bleaching sequences. The NS-AQ pulp showed excellent bleachability. Its brightness reached 89.0% for jute cuttings and 85.0% for caddis using total chlorine dioxide of about 15 kg/ton. After bleaching, the strength properties of NS-AQ pulp were slightly better compared to soda-AQ and AS-AQ pulps.

Study on Alkali-Oxygen Pulping of Bagasse Wet-Stored with Hypochlorite Bleaching Waste Water

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1211-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Bing Sun ◽  
Yu Xin Liu ◽  
Ke Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Bleaching Process ◽  
Wet Storage ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Folding Endurance

In this paper, the bagasse wet-stored with hypochlorite (H) bleaching waste-water which was the original waste liquid from H bleaching process of bagasse, was cooked with alkali-oxygen and its pulping effect was studied. The results showed that the proper treatment time of wet storage with H bleaching waste-water was 12 days, the pulping properties were as follows: screened pulp yield 62.9%, kappa number 15.4, viscosity 802 mL/g, and brightness 58.8 %ISO. The strength properties of pulp were as follows: tensile index 65.6 N•m/g, tear index 5.86 mN•m2/g, burst index 3.83 kPa•m2/g and folding endurance 302 times. In addition, the pulping properties of bagasse wet-stored with H bleaching waste-water were similar to those of bagasse wet-stored with fresh water. Therefore, it can be concluded that the H bleaching waste-water could be used as spraying water for wet storage of bagasse. It was a new idea for saving fresh water in the pulping and papermaking industry.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Udder traits in West African Dwarf Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-252
Author(s):  
O. A. Amao ◽  
O. A. Osinowo ◽  
C. F. I. Onwuka ◽  
S. S. Abiola ◽  
M. A. Dipeolu
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
West African ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
West African Dwarf Goats ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Dwarf Goats

Udder traits of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats and factors influencing them were studied using 185 does located in South Western Nigeria. Traits evaluated were udder length (UL), udder width (UW), udder circumference (UC) and udder volume (UV). Others were teat length (TL), teat width (TW), teat circumference (TC) distance between teats (DT) and height of teat from the ground (HTG). Udder length was significantly (P<0.001) influenced by age, lactation status and liveweight. The increase in UL with age was quadratic. Lactating does had longer udders than non-lactating does by 1.93cm. Effects of lactation status and live weight on UW were highly significant (P<0.001). Lactating does had wider udders (10.40±0.30 cm) than non-lactating does (8.66 ± 0.27 cm). Udder circumference was significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by lactation status and liveweight. Lactating does had UC of 27.69 ± 2.51 cm compared to 23.79 ± 0.40 cm in non-lactating does. Age, lactation status and liveweight had significant (P<0.05) effects on UV. The increase in UV with age was significant, rising froin 637.98 ± 49.69 cm3 at 1-2 years to 934.51 ± 75.90cm3 at above 4 years. Lactating does had larger UV (923.43 ± 39.97 cm3) (P<0.001) than non-lactating does (617.61 ± 33.00 cm3). The mean values for the udder traits adjusted to that of 3-4 years old lactating doe, were for UL, 11.6 ± 0.17 cm; UW, (9.42 ± 0.13cm; UC, 25.69 ± 0.44cm and UV, 817.93 ± 25.92 cm3. Others were 2.19± 0.03, 1.09 ± 0.02, 3.40 ± 0.05, 8.87±0.12 and 16.14±0.23 cm for TL, TW, TC, DT and HTG respectively. This study showed that age, lactation status and liveweight are major factors influencing udder traits in West African Dwarf goats. A major advantage of this study is the provision of some basic information on udder Traits of West African Dwarf goats.

Prehydrolysis kraft pulping of jute cutting and caddis mixture for rayon production

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANNATUN NAYEEM ◽  
M. SARWAR JAHAN ◽  
RAZIA SULTANA POPY ◽  
M. NASHIR UDDIN ◽  
M.A. QUAIYYUM
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Rayon Production ◽  
Kraft Cooking ◽  
Prehydrolysis Kraft

Jute cutting, jute caddis, and cutting-caddis mixtures were prehydrolyzed by varying time and temperature to get about 90% prehydrolyzed yield. At the conditions of 170°C for 60 min of prehydrolysis, the yield for 100% jute cutting was 76.3%, while the same for jute caddis was only 67.9%. But with prehydrolysis at 150°C for 60 min, the yield was 90% for jute cutting, where 49.94% of original pentosan was dissolved and prehydrolysis of jute caddis at 140°C in 60 min yielded 86.4% solid residue. Jute cutting-caddis mixed prehydrolysis was done at 140°C for 30 min and yielded 92% solid residue for 50:50 cutting-caddis mixtures, where pentosan dissolution was only 29%. Prehydrolyzed jute cutting, jute caddis, and cutting-caddis mixtures were subsequently kraft cooked. Pulp yield was only 40.9% for 100% jute cutting prehydrolyzed at 170°C for 60 min, which was 10.9% lower than the prehydrolysis at 140°C. For jute cutting-caddis mixed prehydrolysis at 140°C for 45 min followed by kraft cooking, pulp yield decreased by 3.3% from the 100% cutting to 50% caddis in the mixture, but 75% caddis in the mixture decreased pulp yield by 6.7%. The kappa number 50:50 cutting-caddis mixture was only 11.3. Pulp bleachability improved with increasing jute cutting proportion in the cutting-caddis mixture pulp.

Estimation of the Mean Fiber Length of Individual Grease Fleeces

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1224
Author(s):  
Walter R. Harvey ◽  
Mary E. Hourihan ◽  
Clair E. Terrill
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
The Mean

scholarly journals Factors influencing stress, anxiety, and depression among Iranian pregnant women: the role of sexual distress and genital self-image

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsaneh Keramat ◽  
Mina Malary ◽  
Mahmood Moosazadeh ◽  
Nastaran Bagherian ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Rajabi-Shakib
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Sexual Distress ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Severity Of Depression ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Distress Scale ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Background Pregnancy is a unique period with the increased likelihood of psychological changes and emotional disturbances such as depression, anxiety, and stress. In this study, we investigated the factors influencing depression, anxiety, and stress in pregnancy and identify their associations with Sexual Distress (SD) and Genital Self-Image (GSI). Methods This was a descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study performed using the two-stage cluster sampling method between September 2019 and January 2020. Overall, 295 pregnant women completed a demographics and obstetric information checklist, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSI), and Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R). Results Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences in the mean scores of SD between the groups with varying degrees of depression, anxiety, and stress (P <  0.001) and in the mean score of GSI between the groups with varying degrees of depression (P = 0.01) and anxiety (P <  0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, higher (worse) depression, anxiety, and stress scores were found in women with more advanced age and higher SD scores; however, these scores were lower (better) in those with increased gestational age. Lower depression and anxiety scores were associated with moderate satisfaction with income, moderate satisfaction with BI in pregnancy, and lower stress and depression scores were linked to planned pregnancy. Higher (better) GSI score was a predictor of lower depression score, complication in a previous pregnancy was a predictor of higher stress score, and finally, fear of fetal abortion and being a housewife were predictors of a higher anxiety score. Conclusion Various factors contribute to the development of antenatal depression, anxiety, and stress. A positive correlation was found between SD and the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress, while a negative correlation was noted between GSI and the severity of depression and anxiety. Therefore, raising awareness regarding SD and GSI through screening and counseling sessions can have beneficial effects for mothers and their fetuses.

The prediction of voluntary intake of grazing dairy cows

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Caird ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Simple Equation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Farm Planning ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

SUMMARYInformation on the total organic matter intake, concentrates supplied (C), live weight (LW), week of lactation (WL), milk yield (MY), herbage organic matter digestibility (HOMD), herbage mass, sward height (SHT) or herbage allowance (HAL) measured individually for 357 cows at one of three sites was assembled. Observed intake was compared with intakes predicted by existing intake equations and new prediction equations based on regression models or regression and least-squares constants were developed. Major factors affecting intake were MY, LW, WL, C and HAL or SHT. Although HOMD was correlated with intake, better predictions were obtained when HOMD was omitted. There were differences between sites possibly associated with differences in measurement techniques.The predictive value of some existing equations and new equations were tested against independent sets of data. A simple equation (A) based on MY and LW (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1975) gave satisfactory average predictions but the mean square prediction error (MSPE) was high. The equations of Vadiveloo & Holmes (1979) adjusted for bias gave a relatively low MSPE. The preferred new equations for grazing cattle included MY, LW, WL, C and HAL or SHT, and their MSPE were similar to or lower than for indoor equations.The discussion indicates that a simple equation (A) would give adequate predictions for farm planning. The more detailed equations illustrate the inter-relations of animal with sward conditions and concentrate allowances. Predicted intakes may deviate from actual intakes because of short-term changes in body reserves.

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