Effect of EGR on Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a CI Engine Fuelled with Waste Chicken Fat Biodiesel

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 1481-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naresh Kumar Gurusala ◽  
Richu Zachariah ◽  
Mozhi Selvan V. Arul
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Chicken Fat ◽  
Future Demands ◽  
On The Road

Ever increasing demand and consequent rise in prices of petroleum products, stringent emission standards, the exponential depletion rate of fossil fuel reserves and escalation in the number of vehicles on the road have forced us to look for alternatives to meet the present and future demands of the energy requirements. Biodiesel production from waste oils and fats are cost effective methods which prevent the environmental pollution by proper disposal techniques. In this study, biodiesel was prepared from the waste effect chicken fat using the two stage esterification process. The present investigation deals with the cold exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with the flow rates of 10, 20, 30% on a four stroke, single cylinder, direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with waste chicken fat biodiesel blends to reduce the NOxemissions of the engine. Experimental results showed higher oxides of nitrogen emissions when fueled with waste chicken fat biodiesel without EGR and found reduced NOxemissions about 25% when operating with B20 fuel blend with 30% EGR. The EGR level was optimized as 20% based on the significant reduction in NOx emissions, minimum possible smoke, CO, HC emissions and comparable brake thermal efficiency.

Strategies for Promoting the Use of Concrete Pavements in Tanzania: Technical and Institutional Considerations

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
D.A. Mfinanga ◽  
H. Bwire
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Concrete Pavements ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
The Road ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Economic Developments

High-type roads in Tanzania have been predominantly of asphaltic concrete construction. This ever enlarging and ageing asphaltic road network represents increasing resource requirements on the road agency in the form of maintenance. Limited resources coupled with the ever sky-rocketing costs of petroleum products and the competing demands of social economic developments, presupposes the need to look for alternative road construction technology that is more cost-effective and resource optimising. Experience gained from developed and some developing countries where concrete pavements have been widely used suggests the potential of this type of pavement in many developingcountries. This paper discusses the technical aspects of design and construction- and maintenance-related aspects of concrete pavements. The discussion extends further to highlight issues pertaining to the performance of concrete pavements and strategies for promoting the use of concrete pavements in Tanzania. Conclusions and recommendationsare made with suggestions on how to start implementing the proposed strategies.

On the Premixed Combustion in a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Alkidas
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Premixed Combustion ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Direct Injection Diesel Engine ◽  
Diffusion Burning

The factors influencing premixed burning and the importance of premixed burning on the exhaust emissions from a small high-speed direct-injection diesel engine were investigated. The characteristics of premixed and diffusion burning were examined using a single-zone heat-release analysis. The mass of fuel burned in premixed combustion was found to be linearly related to the product of engine speed and ignition-delay time and to be essentially independent of the total amount of fuel injected. Accordingly, the premixed-burned fraction increased with increasing engine speed, with decreasing fuel-air ratio and with retarding injection timing. The hydrocarbon emissions did not correlate well with the premixed-burned fraction. In contrast, the oxides of nitrogen emissions were found to increase with decreasing premixed-burned fraction, indicating that diffusion burning, and not premixed burning, is the primary source of oxides of nitrogen emissions.

scholarly journals Influence of Variable Speed on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine using Fish Oil Biodiesel Blends

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 3950-3954
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Performance And Emission

Alternative fuel sources are needed to be developed to meet the escalating demand for fossil fuels. Also from an environmental point of view, these most modern resources of fuels must be environment-friendly. The rapidly increasing consumption of fossil fuel and petroleum products has been a matter of concern for many countries which imports more crude oil. So, there is necessary for the development of new energy sources. The biomass, edible oil, inedible oils from plants and fish fat oil are imperatives and seen to be a potential substitute for diesel fuel. Acid and Base catalyzed transesterification is the most acceptable process for biodiesel production. In this project, an attempt towards finding the effect of alternate fuels as a substitute over diesel and reduce its consumption to lessen the environmental effects. Biodiesel has been extensively used in diesel engines as a partial substitute in the past few decades. The present investigation is carried out with blending up fish oil biodiesel with diesel in varying proportions to test out the emission and performance characteristics of direct injection single cylinder, four strokes, and air-cooled diesel engine. The fish oil biodiesel was produced by the transesterification process and obtained fish oil biodiesel blended with diesel fuel with various propagations of B20, B50, B75 & B100. These blended fuels were further investigated in a diesel engine with variable speeds such as 1000rpm, 1250rpm, 1500rpm, 1720rpm, 2000rpm 2250rpm & 2500rpm. In this comparative study, the effects of fish oil biodiesel fuel blends are compared and evaluated with pure diesel.

Water-Ethanol-Gasoline Blends—Physical Properties, Power, and Pollution Characteristics

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rajan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Pollution Characteristics ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

Factors relevant to the utilization of nonanhydrous ethanol as a blending component with gasoline for use in current on-the-road spark ignition engines are investigated. Miscibility limits are determined and key physical properties important for proper engine operation are measured. Dynamometer tests on an unmodified production engine with hydrated ethanol-gasoline blends containing varying percentages of water show potential for increased thermal efficiency and reduced oxides of nitrogen emissions.

scholarly journals Effect of di-methyl carbonate as additive and exhaust gas recirculation on the performance and emission parameters of diesel engine using diesel-biodiesel blends as fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 2062 (1) ◽  
pp. 012023
Author(s):  
A Chandravanshi ◽  
S Pandey ◽  
R K Malviya ◽  
A S Paikra
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Gas Recirculation

Abstract The Current situation of petroleum products pressurizes the world to shift towards green fuels. Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) could be considered as high oxygenated, green additive. Adding DMC in biodiesel increases the quality of combustion, hence reducing emissions with improved thermal efficiency. In the present study, DMC has been blended with biodiesel along with 10% Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and then performance and emission analysis was done. Results show higher Brake Thermal efficiency with 5% DMC in the biodiesel-diesel blend as compared to biodiesel, but lower than that with diesel. Brake Specific Energy Consumption increases with the increase in DMC in the fuel blend at medium and higher loads, which limits the use of DMC in higher content (10%, 15%). Carbon Mono-oxide and Hydrocarbon emissions reduce with lower content of DMC (5%) at a higher load. There are slight increases in Carbon Di-Oxide at all loads, under the safe limit. The emission of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) decreases slightly and this decrease increases with EGR. Higher content of EGR adversely affects the performance and emission characteristics except for NOx and smoke emission. A large decrease in smoke was noted with DMC as an additive in biodiesel due to improved combustion.

The eco/Tech Sludge Recycling System: New Waste Streams, New Revenues

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Larry Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Citizenship ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Recycling System ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Disposal Option ◽  
Sludge Recycling ◽  
Environmentally Sound

The eco/Technologies Sludge Recycling System (eco/Tech SRS) is an important new patented and commercially proven technology that provides resource recovery facilities with a new revenue source and the potential for reduced oxides of nitrogen emissions. The eco/Tech SRS offers an environmentally sound, cost-effective disposal option for sludge producers, while ensuring significant increased net revenue potential for municipal waste combustor facilities. As the wastewater treatment industry faces increasing regulatory scrutiny that will result in more expensive sludge disposal practices, the resource recovery industry, which has already met the regulatory challenge and has taken the lead in compliance and corporate citizenship, can provide the answer.

Monitoring of Petroleum-Related Environmental Contamination Using Fluorescence Fingerprinting

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Literathy ◽  
M. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Aromatic Components ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Petroleum and its refined products are considered the most complex contaminants frequently impacting the environment in significant quantities. They have heterogeneous chemical composition and alterations occur during environmental weathering. No single analytical method exists to characterize the petroleum-related environmental contamination. For monitoring, the analytical approaches include gravimetric, spectrometric and chromatographic methods having significant differences in their selectivity, sensitivity and cost-effectiveness. Recording fluorescence fingerprints of the cyclohexane extracts of the water, suspended solids, sediment or soil samples and applying appropriate statistical evaluation (e.g. by correlating the concatenated emission spectra of the fingerprints of the samples with arbitrary standards (e.g. petroleum products)), provides a powerful, cost-effective analytical tool for characterization of the type of oil pollution and detecting the most harmful aromatic components of the petroleum contaminated matrix. For monitoring purposes, the level of the contamination can be expressed as the equivalent concentration of an appropriate characteristic standard, based on the fluorescence intensities at the relevant characteristic wavelengths. These procedures are demonstrated in the monitoring of petroleum-related pollution in the water and suspended sediment in the Danube river basin

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Melia azedarach and Ricinus communis Oil by Transesterification Process

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
Sa’ed A Musmar ◽  
Faryal Kabir ◽  
Iram Batool ◽  
Muhammad Asif Rasheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Edible Crops ◽  
American Society

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel usually produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. This study investigates the extraction of oil and its conversion into biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification. Firstly, the effect of various solvents (methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, di-ethyl ether) on extraction of oil from non-edible crops, such as R. communis and M. azedarach, were examined. It was observed that a higher concentration of oil was obtained from R. communis (43.6%) as compared to M. azedarach (35.6%) by using methanol and n-hexane, respectively. The extracted oils were subjected to NaOH (1%) catalyzed transesterification by analyzing the effect of oil/methanol molar ratio (1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10) and varying temperature (20, 40, 60 and 80 °C) for 2.5 h of reaction time. M. azedarach yielded 88% and R. communis yielded 93% biodiesel in 1:6 and 1:8 molar concentrations at ambient temperature whereas, 60 °C was selected as an optimum temperature, giving 90% (M. azedarach) and 94% (R. communis) biodiesel. The extracted oil and biodiesel were characterized for various parameters and most of the properties fulfilled the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard biodiesel. The further characterization of fatty acids was done by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) and oleic acid was found to be dominant in M. azedarach (61.5%) and R. communis contained ricinoleic acid (75.53%). Furthermore, the functional groups were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The results suggested that both of the oils are easily available and can be used for commercial biodiesel production at a cost-effective scale.

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