scholarly journals Removal of Lactose from Highly Goat’s Milk Concentration through Ultrafiltration Membrane

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 596-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Sofuwani Zainul Abidin ◽  
Siti Aslina Hussain ◽  
Siti Mazlina Mustapa Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Ultrafiltration Membrane ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk

Concentration of goat milk using cross-flow filtration unit with 10KDa molecular weight cut off (MCWO)-sized ultrafiltration membrane was examined under various operating conditions. The parameters to be optimized are trans-membrane pressure (TMP) and cross-flow velocity. Permeate flux is decreased with time due to fouling of the membrane. The localized membrane fouling may be reduced by increasing the feed flow rate and TMP to mitigate overall membrane fouling. By doing so, the transmission of lactose will also increase. The aim is to produce concentrated goat milk with minimal lactose content and thus high concentration of protein. Spray-drying method is used to convert the concentrated non-lactose milk obtained into milk powder. The milk powder then was characterized in terms of its surface particle, solubility, and nutritional content with the well-commercialized non-lactose milk. This project tackles understanding to minimize the deposition rates of particles on membrane by optimizing the involved parameters and be proved by comparing the yield obtained with well-commercialized non-lactose milk. Keywords:Goat’s milk, lactose intolerance, ultrafiltration, spray dry,membrane, concentration

Numerical Simulation of Filtration of Charged Oil Particles in Stationary and Rotating Tubular Membranes

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Jahangiri Mamouri ◽  
Volodymyr V. Tarabara ◽  
André Bénard
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Potential ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Solid Cylinder ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration ◽  
Flow Filtration

Cross flow filtration (CFF) is a common membrane separation process with applications in food, biochemical and petroleum industries. In particular, membranes can be used for liquid-liquid separation processes such as needed in oil-water separation. A major challenge in cross flow filtration is membrane fouling. It can decrease significantly the permeate flux and a membrane’s efficiency. Membrane fouling can be mitigated by inducing shear on the membrane’s surface and this can be enhanced by inducing a swirl in the flow. In addition, a possible approach to improve membrane efficiency consists of repelling droplets/particles from the porous surface toward the centerline using a repulsive electric force. For this purpose, the surface of the membrane can be exposed to electric potential and droplets/particles are also induced to have the same electric charge. In this work, numerical simulations of charged non-deformable droplets moving within an axially rotating charged tubular membrane are performed. The results show that by increasing the electric potential on the membrane surface, the repelling force increases which obviously improves the grade efficiency of the membrane. However, the electric field gradients found in the flow field require large potentials on the membrane surface to observe a noticeable effect. Hence, a smaller solid cylinder is located in the centerline of the flow channel with zero potential. This solid cylinder enhances the electric field gradient in the domain which results in higher repelling forces and larger grade efficiency of the membrane at small potentials. The addition of a small cylinder in the flow field also improves the grade efficiency increases due to the higher shear stress near the membrane surface.

scholarly journals Data-driven Modelling of Microfiltration Process with Embedded Static Mixer for Steepwater from Corn Starch Industry

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laslo Šereš ◽  
Ljubica Dokić ◽  
Bojana Ikonić ◽  
Dragana Šoronja-Simović ◽  
Miljana Djordjević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Desirability Function ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Static Mixer ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Starch Industry

Cross-flow microfiltration using ceramic tubular membrane was applied for treatment of steepwater from corn starch industry. Experiments are conducted according to the faced centered central composite design at three different transmembrane pressures (1, 2 and 3 bar) and cross-flow velocities (100, 150 and 200 L/h) with and without the usage of Kenics static mixer. For examination of the influence of the selected operating conditions at which usage of the static mixer is justified, a response surface methodology and desirability function approach were used. Obtained results showed improvement in the average permeate flux by using Kenics static mixer for 211 % to 269 % depending on experimental conditions when compared to the system without the static mixer. As a result of optimization, the best results considering flux improvement as well as reduction of specific energy consumption were obtained at low transmembrane pressure and lower feed cross-flow rates.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Physicochemical Quality of Raw Bovine and Goat Milk Marketed in the Steppic Region of Djelfa (Algeria)

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Mourad HAMIROUNE ◽  
Sounia DAHMANI ◽  
Zineb KASMI ◽  
Abdelhamid FOUGHALIA ◽  
Mahmoud DJEMAL
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Physicochemical Quality ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Disciplinary Procedures ◽  
Goat's Milk

This research was conducted to study the key physicochemical parameters of samples of raw bovine and goat milk collected in the steppic region of Djelfa. One hundred and six samples of raw milk were collected from April 2018 to May 2018, at points of sale and analyzed. The results showed that cow’s milk had 3.66±0.89% fat, 11.4±1.56% solid not fat, 4.35±0.61% protein, 6.35±0.89% lactose and a density of 1.0360±0.0056 with a freezing point of -0.380±0.053 °C. While goat’s milk had 3.43±0.65% fat, 10.2±0.92% solid not fat, 3.88±0.36% protein, 5.66±0.52% lactose and a density of 1.0317±0.0035 with a freezing point of -0.348±0.044 °C. This proves that cow’s milk has a slightly higher physicochemical quality than goat’s milk. In addition, the present study showed that 100% raw goat milk is wet against 97.1% raw bovine milk. This indicates the presence of cases of fraud requiring disciplinary procedures. Moreover, in the majority of the cases, the storage temperatures of the milk far exceed the values recommended by the Algerian standards (+6°C). It is necessary to establish a program of control and popularization of all the actors of the sector in order to improve the quality and the quantity of raw milk produced.

Gas sparged cross-flow microfiltration of biologically treated wastewater

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Vera ◽  
S. Delgado ◽  
S. Elmaleh
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Inorganic Membrane ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration ◽  
Mass Transport Process ◽  
Flow Filtration

A novel technique was tested for reducing tubular mineral membrane fouling by injecting gas into a cross-flow stream. The injected gas is thought to form complex hydrodynamic conditions inside the microfiltration module, which increase the wall shear stress, preventing the membrane fouling and enhancing the microfiltration mass transfer. The experimental study was carried out with biologically treated wastewater filtered through a tubular inorganic membrane (Carbosep M14). The flux, monotonously increasing with gas velocity, was more than tripled. New dimensionless quantities of shear stress number and resistance number were developed by generalisation of the dimensional analysis already carried out for the steady state flux of classical unsparged cross-flow filtration. A unique formalism allowed then interpreting the experimental results of both classical diphasic filtration and sparged filtration. The main limiting mass transport process was due to the solid content.

scholarly journals Microfiltration with periodic gas backwashing as an alternative technique for increasing permeate flux

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Tijana Urosevic ◽  
Dragan Povrenovic ◽  
Predrag Vukosavljevic ◽  
Ivan Urosevic
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration ◽  
Flow Filtration

In this paper, the influence of operating parameters (transmembrane pressure, temperature, the flow rate of retentate) on the cross - flow microfiltration of synthetic fruit juice and periodic backwashing with air was examined. In the experiments, the Kerasep W5 ceramic membrane with a separation limit of 0.2 ?m was used. The results of experiments in which different transmembrane pressures were used showed that stationary fluxes, at stationary conditions, after 60 minutes, have similar values. So, it can be concluded that the value of the driving force is irrelevant at steady state conditions. However, until the steady state conditions are established, a positive effect of the increase in the driving force is opposed to the negative effect of the increased polarization resistance, as a result of the driving force increase. Thus, the optimal transmembrane pressure was determined amounting to 2 bars. The optimum temperature of the process of clearing the fruit juices by microfiltration is reported as 55?C. Higher temperatures are not used due to a degrading effect on the chemical composition of the juice and a long microfiltration process. With an increase in the temperature of retentate from 22?C to 55?C, the permeate flux increased up to 60%. Increasing the flow rate of retentate reduces the thickness of the formed layer on the surface of the membrane. Due to limitations of the experimental setup and the large surface area of the membrane, the specific velocity of the retentate was low, so that the effects of cross-flow filtration were absent. The use of cross-flow filtration is one of the main requirements for increasing permeate flux, but in the present case it was in overall insufficient, so we have applied periodic air backwashing for improving fruit juice flux during membrane clarification. With this technique, the deposited layer on the membrane is lifted and the permeate flux is maintained at high levels preventing establishment of the steady state in the low flux zone. The time spent for the periodic backwashing was low as compared to the benefits of the increase in the collected permeate quantity. In all experiments with periodic backwashing with air, the collected permeate quantity is higher for up to 72.5 % as compared to experiments without backwashing. By increasing the backwashing duration, the flux increase is up to 5 %, which can be significant for microfiltration at industrial scale. Therefore, this technique is certainly recommended for microfiltration in the production of fruit juices.

scholarly journals Effects of tannic acid on membrane fouling and membrane cleaning in forward osmosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 3160-3170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanzhu Zhang ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Bingzhi Dong
Keyword(s):  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Membrane Cleaning ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Cleaning Methods

Abstract The fouling behavior during forward osmosis (FO) was investigated. Tannic acid was used as a model organic foulant for natural organic matter analysis since the main characteristics are similar, and calcium ions were added at different concentrations to explore the anti-pollution capability of FO membranes. The initial permeate flux and calcium ions strength were varied in different operating conditions to describe membrane fouling with membrane cleaning methods. The observed flux decline in FO changed dramatically with the type of foulant and the type of draw solution used to provide the osmotic driving force. Calcium ions aggravated membrane fouling and decreased transmembrane flux. Membrane cleaning methods included physical and physicochemical approaches, and there was no obvious difference among the typical cleaning methods (i.e., membrane flushing with different types of cleaning fluids at various crossflow velocities and backwashing with varying osmotic driving forces) with respect to flux recovery. Ultrasonic cleaning damaged the membrane structure and decreased permeate flux, and reverse diffusion of salt from the draw solution to the feed side accelerated after cleaning.

scholarly journals Effect of Permeate Drag Force on the Development of a Biofouling Layer in a Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation System

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (23) ◽  
pp. 7338-7347 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eshed ◽  
S. Yaron ◽  
C. G. Dosoretz
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Luria Bertani ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser ◽  
Biofilm Development

ABSTRACT The effect of permeate flux on the development of a biofouling layer on cross-flow separation membranes was studied by using a bench-scale system consisting of two replicate 100-molecular-weight-cutoff tubular ultrafiltration membrane modules, one that allowed flow of permeate and one that did not (control). The system was inoculated with Pseudomonas putida S-12 tagged with a red fluorescent protein and was operated using a laminar flow regimen under sterile conditions with a constant feed of diluted (1:75) Luria-Bertani medium. Biofilm development was studied by using field emission scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy and was subsequently quantified by image analysis, as well as by determining live counts and by permeate flux monitoring. Biofilm development was highly enhanced in the presence of permeate flow, which resulted in the buildup of complex three-dimensional structures on the membrane. Bacterial transport toward the membrane by permeate drag was found to be a mechanism by which cross-flow filtration contributes to the buildup of a biofouling layer that was more dominant than transport of nutrients. Cellular viability was found to be not essential for transport and adhesion under cross-flow conditions, since the permeate drag overcame the effect of bacterial motility.

scholarly journals ON THE POSSIBILITY OF GOAT’S MILK AND ADAPTED GOAT MILK FORMULAS USAGE IN CHILDREN FEEDING

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
T. E. Borovik ◽  
N. N. Semenova ◽  
O. L. Lukoyanova ◽  
N. G. Zvonkova ◽  
V. A. Skvortsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk

scholarly journals Nutritional, Therapeutic and Functional Aspects of Goat milk based Product fortified with Fruit Beverages

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Health And Wellness ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk ◽  
Lifestyle Diseases

Beverages based on milk and fruit products are currently receiving sizeable attention as their market potential is growing. In recent years, the request for the functional beverages that promote health and wellness has increased. In fact, fermented juices are an excellent delivering means for bioactive components. Milk is a natural, multi-component, nutrient-rich beverage. Market trends indicate that milk-based beverages are ideal vehicles for newly discovered bioactive food ingredients targeting lifestyle diseases. Drinks containing combinations of dairy and fruit juices with added bioactive components are also becoming common in markets. Goat is one of the oldest domesticated animals. In ancient times, goat milk was valued the most. Goat milk still plays an important role in human nutrition. The contribution of goats in supplying milk and milk products is high and it has significant role in rural economy and health. Goat’s milk is the most highly consumed milk in many other parts of the world and it is delicious as well as extremely nutritious. It has vitamins, minerals, trace elements, electrolytes, enzymes, proteins, and fatty acids that are easily assimilated by the body. Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) which are more in goat milk have been recognized as unique lipid with unique health benefits. Goat’s milk has a similarity to human milk that is unmatched in bovine (cow) milk and also has several medicinal values. Functional foods promise to deliver health and wellness to consumers in an environment where lifestyle diseases and an ageing population are threatening the wellness of society.

scholarly journals The effect of fed on feeding combination of the ark with ammonized citronella grass waste to the quality of lactated etawah crossbreed goat milk

2022 ◽  
Vol 951 (1) ◽  
pp. 012018
Author(s):  
Dzarnisa ◽  
A Ramaya
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Fat Level ◽  
Goat's Milk ◽  
Citronella Grass

Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of giving a combination of the ark with ammoniated citronella grass waste on the levels of protein, fat, lactose and density of lactated Etawah crossbreed goat milk. The design used in this study was a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 groups. The treatment consisted of P1 (0% ark: 8% ammoniated citronella grass waste), P2 (2% ark: 6% ammoniated citronella grass waste), P3 4% ark: 4% ammoniated citronella grass waste), P4 (6% ark: 2% citronella ammonia grass waste) and P5 (8% ark: 0% ammoniated citronella grass waste). The data obtained were analysed statistically using Microsoft Excel software. Based on the results of the research, giving the combination of the ark with ammoniated citronella grass waste shows no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the quality of milk which includes density, lactose level, protein level and fat level in Etawah crossbreed goat (PE) milk. However, the quality test results showed an increasing trend when compared with the quality of PE goat’s milk without treatment The results of the data for each of the PE goat’s milk quality before given the feed treatment were 1.027; 3.34%; 3.42% and 6.40% for the density, lactose level, protein level and fat level. Meanwhile the results of the data for each of the PE goat milk quality after given the feed treatment got the best results, namely 1.030; 3.66%; 3.78% and 6.55% for the density, lactose level, protein level and fat level.

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