Potential of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) as Hydrophobicity Contributor in Chitosan-Urea Fertilizer

2015 ◽  
Vol 761 ◽  
pp. 536-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noraiham Mohamad ◽  
Nor Nadiah Abdul Hamid ◽  
Nor Abidah Abdul Aziz ◽  
Jeeferie Abd Razak ◽  
Umar Al Amani Azlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Slow Release Urea

This study is to investigate the potential of ENR to be incorporated with chitosan for slow release urea fertilizer. In this research, mixture of chitosan and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was used as binder to take advantage of their biodegradable and polar characteristics, respectively. The effect of mixing formulation to the properties of fertilizer was studied. Firstly, the chitosan and ENR were diluted in toluene with the presence of bentonite as filler. Then, urea powder was mixed and stirred for 20 minutes before left to dry overnight in an oven at 60°C. Water absorption and water retention analysis were carried out on compressed pellets. The increase of ENR loading was observed to contribute to the increase of hydrophobic properties of the fertilizer. The findings were supported by compositional analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Preparation and Characterization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 478-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kui Xu ◽  
Can Zhong He ◽  
Yue Qiong Wang ◽  
Yong Yue Luo ◽  
Shuang Quan Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Ring Open ◽  
By Products

Epoxidized Natural Rubber is prepared with latex processing technology. The relationships of the epoxidation with the reaction times and temperature were investigated. The structure of ENR was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FIIR). It is found that, the by products, ring-open components increases with the reaction temperatures and the reaction times. It is found that as the level of epoxidation increased, the number of tetrahydrofuran ring increased.

scholarly journals Formulation and characterization of water retention and slow-release urea fertilizer based on Borassus aethiopum starch and Maesopsis eminii hydrogels

2021 ◽  
pp. 100223
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Gungula ◽  
Fartisincha P. Andrew ◽  
Japari Joseph ◽  
Semiu A. Kareem ◽  
Jeffery Tsware Barminas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Slow Release Urea ◽  
Borassus Aethiopum ◽  
Maesopsis Eminii

scholarly journals Kinetika Slow Release Pupuk Urea Berlapis Chitosan Termodifikasi

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
YC Danarto ◽  
Anggita Nugrahey ◽  
Sela Murni Noviani
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Release Profile ◽  
Nitrogen Release ◽  
Diffusion Kinetic ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
First Order ◽  
Modified Chitosan ◽  
Urea Content

<p>During this time, the use of urea is not efficient, because about 40-70% of nitrogen in the fertilizer is not absorbed by plants. In order to increase the effectivity of nitrogen release in urea fertilizer, it needs to be coated with modified chitosan as slow releasing agent to form a hydrogel material by forming a cross linking with glutaraldehyde cross-linker.The aims of this research is to study the mechanism and the appropriate kinetic model of nitrogen release in slow releasing fertilizer of modified chitosan. This research was conducted by analyzing the ability of bio-hydrogel by calculating the percentage of swelling ratio and water retention of hydrogel and the nitrogen release in slow releasing fertilizer both in the soil and water. The experiments were conducted by varying the amount of urea used which  30 gram, 40 gram, 50 gram, 60 gram and 70 gram of urea fertilizer. The The release profile is then plotted on several models of diffusion kinetic such as zero order, first order, higuchi and korsmeyer peppas. The appropriate model of diffusion kinetic is chosen by the largest correction factor (R2).The results showed that nitrogen release of the slow releasing fertilizer in the soil with 50% urea content  and  the  water  followed  korsmeyer  peppas  model  with  fickian  mechanism. Nitrogen release in the soil with urea content of 30%, 40%, 60%, and 70% followed the korsmeyer peppas model with nonfickian mechanism.</p>

Use of FT-IR in the Conservation of Twentieth Century Objects

1990 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cretchen L. Shearer ◽  
Sherry Doyal
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Cellulose Nitrate ◽  
Sample Technique ◽  
Ft Ir

AbstractThe application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT..IR) to the identification of early semi-synthetic and synthetic plastics is discussed. The sample technique is described. Three materials, natural rubber, cellulose nitrate (celluloid) and cellulose acetate are discussed and examples of identification of these materials are presented.

Investigation of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR 50) as a Compatibilizer on Cogon Grass Filled Low Density Polyethylene/Soya Spent Flour

2014 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 310-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.T. Sam ◽  
Nurul Hani ◽  
H. Ismail ◽  
Nik Noriman ◽  
S. Ragunathan
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density

Natural fiber reinforced composites are increasingly being used in various applications area. Therefore, the processing method and physical properties of these composites are very important parameters in product quality and quaranty. This paper focused on the tensile properties, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and water absorption of cogon grass (CG) with low density polyethylene (LDPE)/soya spent flour (SSF) composites. The tensile strength and elongation at break (Eb) of uncompatibilized CG with LDPE/ SSF decreased significantly with increasing of fiber content. However, the Young’s modulus increased with increasing of CG loading. The presence of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 50) as a compatibilizer increased the tensile strength, Eband Young’s modulus of the composites when compared to uncompatibilized composites. Fourier transform infrared results show distinguishable peaks for compatibilized and uncompatibilized composites. The water absorption for both uncompatibilized and compatibilized composites increased from day 1 until day 21. The presence of ENR 50 as compatibilizer showed lower water absorption percentage compared to uncompatibilized composites.

An Eco-Friendly Slow-Release Urea Fertilizer Based on Waste Mulberry Branches for Potential Agriculture and Horticulture Applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 1871-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Xiying Liang ◽  
Xiaogang Yang ◽  
Hongyi Liu ◽  
Juming Yao
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Slow Release Urea

scholarly journals Characterization of Alginate-Cellulose-Kaolin Composites for Slow-Release Urea Fertilizer

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-227
Author(s):  
Sunardi Sunardi ◽  
Gusti Nia Faramitha ◽  
Uripto Trisno Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Swelling Ratio ◽  
Release Agent ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Wet Condition ◽  
Slow Release Urea ◽  
Cie Lab

Research on the effect of cellulose and kaolin addition to alginate-cellulose-kaolin composites' characteristics as a slow-release agent of urea fertilizer has been done. The technique used in composites' preparation is an extrusion technique using 2% CaCl2 solution as a cross-linker. The compositions of alginate-cellulose-kaolin were varied to determine their effect on composites' characteristics such as diameter, color, swelling ratio, entrapment efficiency, and release of urea. The results showed that the diameter of beads in wet condition produced ranges from 2.98 to 3.54 mm, whereas the diameter of dry beads ranges from 1.22 to 1.92 mm. The addition of cellulose and kaolin affected the color of the beads produced based on CIE Lab analysis. The value of the swelling ratio decreased with the addition of cellulose and kaolin. The entrapment efficiency of urea in beads obtained ranged from 37.25 to 45.06%. The release of urea in aqueous media showed that cellulose and kaolin's addition into the alginate affected the amount of released urea.

Adhesion of Natural Rubber to Steel Substrates: The Use of Plasma Polymerized Primers

1999 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Boerio ◽  
Y. M. Tsai ◽  
D. K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Model System ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Double Bond Migration ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Steel Substrates

Abstract Plasma-polymerized acetylene films are excellent primers for bonding natural rubber (NR) to steel substrates. The purpose of this research was to determine the mechanisms responsible for adhesion at the NR/primer interface. Interactions between natural rubber and plasma-polymerized acetylene films were simulated using model systems containing squalene (C30H50) or squalane (C30H62), carbon black, sulfur, stearic acid, N, N-dicyclohexyl-benzothiazole-sulfenamide (DCBS), cobalt naphthenate, and diaryl-p-phenylene-diamine. Analysis of plasma-polymerized acetylene films before and after reaction with model rubber systems was accomplished using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The importance of the unsaturation in the reaction was demonstrated by comparing the behavior of the two model systems. In the squalane-based system, squalane itself was stable throughout the reaction, with only a slight reaction with the antioxidant and sulfur. No significant reactions occurred between the squalane-based model system and plasma-polymerized acetylene films with the exception of slight adsorption of antioxidant and zinc and/or cobalt stearate onto the films. Reactions between plasma polymerized primers and the squalene-based model system were complex. Squalene itself went through double-bond migration. ZnO and cobalt naphthenate reacted with stearic acid to form zinc and cobalt stearates which then reacted with DCBS and sulfur to form zinc and cobalt accelerator perthiomercaptide complexes. These complexes reacted with squalene and with the primer film to form accelerator terminated, perthiomercaptide pendant groups and, eventually, short polysulfide crosslinks. Since there was little reaction of squalane-based model rubber compounds with plasma polymerized primers but extensive reaction of squalene-based models, it was concluded that an intermediate formed in that reaction was responsible for crosslinking between squalene and the primer in the model system and for adhesion at the NR/primer interface in an actual bond.

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