Determination of Surface Acidity on The Natural and Synthetic Montmorillonite Clays by Titration Method

Determination of surface acidity on the natural and synthetic montmorillonite clays has been carried out using the acid-base titration method to count the number of bound acid sites per gram of clay. The total acidity of natural and synthetic montmorillonite surfaces obtained was 4.67 and 5.33 mmol/g, respectively. FTIR analysis results indicate the presence of functional groups from the tetrahedral and octahedral constituents. Both samples have similar absorption patterns. The similarity of absorption patterns was followed by a decrease in intensity and shift in some absorption bands, and the appearance of new absorption bands.

Isolation of Lycopene Component from Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum)

Lycopene is a red pigment found in tamarillo with its function as an antioxidant that protects body cells from the negative effects of free radicals so that they do not trigger diseases, especially cancer and premature aging. This study was intended to improve the quality of tamarillo by isolating lycopene from tamarillo through an extraction process with chloroform as a solvent by maceration for 3 days at room temperature. The lycopene extract obtained was dissolved by means of a rotary evaporator at 40 oC under vacuum pressure and oven temperature at 60 oC. The lycopene obtained was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and the crystal structure of lycopene was characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy. GCMS results showed that 0.21 g of lycopene was successfully isolated from 100 g of dried red tamarillo fruit powder. Functional group analysis using FT-IR at a wavelength of 978.23 cm-1 showed the R-CH=CH-R group; the -CH3- group of 1371.43 cm-1; the 1460.16 cm-1 indicates the bending vibration of -CH2-; the C=C chain of 1656.91 and 1745.64 cm-1; and the C-H of 2856.67 and 2926.11 cm-1 of the lycopene chain.

The Computational Calculation and Molecular Docking of Aeroplysinin-1 As Antibacterial

Aeroplysinin-1 is naturally found from marine sponges as an anti-bacterial compound. Computational calculation and molecular docking were performed for aeroplysinin. Aeroplysinin as an inhibitor has optimized in the gas phase using DFT with 6-31G(d) functional. The structure from geometry optimization of aeroplysinin-1is, not in one plane. The interaction of aeroplysinin-1 with two different DNA gyrase from E. Coli and S. Aureus. In this research,aeroplysinin-1 can inhibit the protein with the free binding energy of about -5.7 kcal/mol and -6.35 kcal/mol, respectively, for E. Coli and S. Aureus. The dominant molecular interaction is the hydrogen bond.

Qualitative Protein Hydrolyzed from Nerita undata in supralittoral rocks and mezolittoral zone of Hasa Cape using TLC

Gastropods are the sources of protein for coastal communities in the Maluku islands. We conducted analysis quantitative and qualitative of protein in Nerita undata meat from Hasa Cape in Saparua Island. The percentage of protein was analyzed by the Kjeldahl method. Qualitative analysis began with breaking peptide bonds in protein to amino acid components by sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide hydrolyzed. We identified amino acid compounds by using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in butanol-acetic acid-water (8:1:1, v/v) as eluent. The result showed that N. undata meat contains 11.15% of protein and twelve amino acid compounds. There are seven essential amino acids in N. undata meat from supralittoral rocks and mezolittoral zone of Hasa cape is a source of quality protein. Thus, this species can be considered as a source of high-quality protein.

Development of Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Technique for Cadmium(II) Detection and Its Application in Water Spinach

Cadmium is a toxic pollutant that is harmful to the environment and humans. The purpose of this research was to develop a method for cadmium(II) detection using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) using a glassy carbon electrode. The developed method was then applied for cadmium detection in the vegetable samples which is water spinach. The developed method was optimized in several parameters such as potential window, deposition potential, deposition time, and scan rate. The developed method for cadmium(II) detection was also investigated in its analytical performance includes linearity, precision, detection limit, and quantitation limit. The optimum conditions for cadmium(II) detection in 0.1 M KCl using DPASV technique obtained such as potential window from -1200 to -100 mV, deposition potential of -1100 mV (vs Ag/AgCl), and deposition time of 360 s. It was obtained good linearity for cadmium(II) detection using the DPASV technique with an R2 of 0.996. The precision was expressed as %SBR with 0.66%. The detection and quantitation limits for cadmium(II) detection were 0.4206 µM~0.0771 ppm and 0.5525 µM~0.1013 ppm, respectively. The developed method was then applied for cadmium(II) measurement in the water spinach sample and the obtained cadmium(II) concentration in water spinach was 0.2399 mg/Kg.

Liquid Smoke Fractionation from Dry Distillation of Styrofoam Board Waste to Produces Liquid Fuel

Styrofoam waste is difficult to be decomposed by bacteria or microorganisms. Therefore it takes a long time to be decomposed naturally. Styrofoam waste, in general, is a big problem for the survival of living things on earth because there are quite a lot of them. So, if not handled properly can cause environmental pollution. Styrofoam waste is inorganic waste composed of polymers derived from chemicals. Additives from styrofoam are harmful to humans because they are carcinogenic. This study aims to utilize Styrofoam board waste into liquid fuel. Liquid fuel from styrofoam waste has been made successfully through dry distillation and fractionation methods. The result of fractional distillation is 42.00% liquid fuel. Based on the physical properties tests that have already been carried out, including the density test, viscosity, flash point, boiling point, calorific value, and octane number, it turns out that the liquid has characteristics close to the standard gasoline fuel. The MS spectra and the GC chromatogram show that the liquid fuel consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, namely acetone 0.23%, acetic acid 0.40%, benzene 2.82%, toluene 3.56%, heptane 1.04%, 1-octene 0.26%, butyl ester 4.92%, 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptane 0.32%, p-xylene 13%, the compound with the highest composition was styrene 73.45%.

The Analysis of Silica From Rice Husks Siam Unus from South Kalimantan

Research on analysis of rice husk content of Siam Unus with various NaOH concentrations (1.0 M; 1.5 M; 2.0 M; 2.5 M; 3.0 M) has been done. This study aims to obtain data on the effect of variations in NaOH concentration on the purity of the silica extract from Siam Unus rice husks and silica characterization of Siam Unus rice husks using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The results showed that the combustion of rice husks at 200 °C as optimum temperature for 1 hour followed by combustion at 600 °C for 4 hours produces grayish-white rice husks with a yield is 20.70%. Silica functional group characterization showed that silanol (Si-OH) and siloxane (Si-O-Si) as dominant functional groups. The result of composition characterization using XRF showed that SiO2 as the dominant compound with the highest percentage of SiO2 is 1.5 M NaOH extract at 42.80%.

Bioaccumulated Mercury by Several Types of Plants in Ex-Traditional Gold Processing Area, Gogorea Village, Buru Island

This study examines the accumulation of metallic mercury by several types of plants in the traditional gold processing area in the village of Gogore, Buru district. The plants that were sampled in this study were guava, lempuyang gajah, and harendong bulu. These three plant species were chosen because they dominate the vegetation in the gold processing area. The analysis results showed that the lempuyang gajah was the plant that accumulated the highest mercury metal, namely in the roots of 16.79 ppm and the leaves of 15.03 ppm. Guava plants accumulated metal mercury in the roots and leaves of 11.73 ppm and 9.90 ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, harendong plants accumulated mercury in the roots and leaves of 2.59 ppm and 10.39 ppm, respectively. The BCF values ​​of guava, lempuyang gajah, and harendong bulu plants were 1.58, 0.41, and 0.39, respectively. Meanwhile, the TF values ​​of the three plants were 0.84, 0.89, and 4.01, respectively. From these results, it can be concluded that the three plants can accumulate mercury in high enough concentrations, so these three types of plants are categorized as hyper tolerant plants and accumulators.

Study of Molecular Docking of Alkaloid Derivative Compounds from Stem Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)Against α-Glucosidase Enzymes

Karamunting plant (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) is a traditional medicinal plant. The leaves, roots, stems, and fruits of Karamunting have been identified, and their biological activities are antioxidants, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer that contained alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids. The types of alkaloids found in karamunting stems are homolycorine, ismine, lycorine, maritidine and tazetine. This study aims to determine the binding score of alkaloid-derived compounds with protein α-glucosidase and determine the protein's active site bound to the ligand. The method used in this research is Protein-Ligand ANT-System (PLANTS). The results showed that the anchoring score of homolycorine was -60.83 kcal/mol, ismine -64.42 kcal/mol, lycorine -71.20 kcal/mol, maritidine -61.82 kcal/mol, and tazetine -65.02 kcal/mol. The active sites used for binding are Glu526, Gly555, and Pro556. The average score for anchoring alkaloid-derived compounds with protein α-glucosidase is 83.84%. This number indicates that karamunting stems can be used as antidiabetic.

Magnetite-Activated Carbon Composite to Reduce Pollutant: Review

Pollution is serious environmental problem. One of causes of pollution is the presence of heavy metals. Besides heavy metal, there are plastics that cause serious problem in environment because they are difficult to decompose. These two problems appear an idea about synthesizing activated carbon-magnetite (Fe3O4) composite based on polyethylene that can absorbs heavy metals. The method used literature review of relevant articles. This study examines the properties of magnetite both physical and chemical along with applications and benefits of magnetite in daily life. This study can become a new perspective effort to reduce heavy metals pollution using plastic waste as composite with Fe3O4