Study on Intermolecular Forces of Corn Gluten with the Chemical Reagent Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 1049-1050 ◽  
pp. 547-550
Author(s):  
Rong Yan ◽  
Xin Hua Li ◽  
Xiao Jun Qi
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Observation ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Intermolecular Forces ◽  
Small Granule ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Chemical Reagent ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Reagent Treatment ◽  
Observation Results

Corn gluten were steeped with different chemical reagents, 2%urea, 5%tween80, 5% NaCl, 2%L - cysteine, using distilled water as control. Intermolecular forces in corn gluten under different reagents were analyzed using the amount of free starch measuring by iodine calorimetry. By the light microscope, intermolecular structure transformation in corn gluten was analyzed before the treatment and after. The results show that Urea, twain, NaCl, and L-cysteine all can make the starch that closely combined with protein migrate away, in which the effect of L-cysteine and NaCl were better, releasing more free starch. It is found through microscopic observation that the starch granule existing in corn gluten is small granule from cutin endosperm, and microscopic observation results consistent with the free starch results. By analysis of the amount of free starch and the microscopic structure change of corn gluten and the mechanism of measuring intermolecular forces with the chemical reagent, it is demonstrated that disulfide bond and electrostatic attraction were main intermolecular forces in corn gluten, which was the main reason for the search combining with the protein .The effect of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction were weaker.

The Preparation of Chlorinated Rubbers from Latex. Hypochlorination and Chlorination Processes

1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Bloomfield ◽  
E. H. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Limited Range ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Chemical Reagent ◽  
Direct Introduction ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Ph Values

Abstract With the view of extending the field of application of rubber latex, it has been considered desirable to study the behavior of this material toward various chemical reagents. Owing to the colloidal nature of latex the choice of reagent is considerably restricted; acids and many salts (especially those of bivalent and tervalent metals) produce coagulation, while alkaline reagents may cause creaming and aggregation of the particles. It is known that with the aid of certain stabilizers (e. g., saponin or casein) a stable acid latex may be obtained, but this is in general only stable over a limited range of pH values and is not stable to heat; moreover the stabilizer itself is prone to attack by the chemical reagent introduced. As would be anticipated from the foregoing considerations, the direct introduction of chlorine into latex immediately causes coagulation. Ellis and Boehmer (U. S. Patent 1,544,535) appear to have achieved some measure of success in chlorinating latex by using liquid chlorine under pressure, but the products obtained in different operations varied considerably in their properties.

Development of Retrieve/Storage Cabinets for Chemical Reagents

2014 ◽  
Vol 577 ◽  
pp. 457-460
Author(s):  
Hang Wei Zhang ◽  
Jian Feng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Management Information System ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Application Software ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Mechatronic System ◽  
Management Information ◽  
Single Chip Microcomputer ◽  
Chemical Reagent ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
The Internet Of Things

To integrate chemical reagent retrieve/storage (R/S) device with management information system, an intelligent mechatronic system is developed. Three kinds of unit cabinets for reagent bottles are constructed. A Single-chip Microcomputer and a Personal Computer are served as a slave and host control system respectively. A set of special application software is programmed by VC++ and Access to accomplish reagent retrieve/storage, usage reports and surplus warning by short massage based on the Internet of Things. The integration of chemical reagent R/S device with MIS is realized which could make the storage device automation, data visualization and measurement precision.

Analytical, Biochemical and Physicochemical Aspects of Starch Granule Size, with Emphasis on Small Granule Starches: A Review

2004 ◽  
Vol 56 (34) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nienke Lindeboom ◽  
Peter R. Chang ◽  
Robert T. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Starch Granule ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Small Granule

scholarly journals ISOLATION AND STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION OF A NEW DEPSIDE OF LICHEN Everniopsis trulla

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Olivio Nino Castro ◽  
Jesús López Rodilla ◽  
Sofia Pombal ◽  
Francisca Sanz González ◽  
Julio Santiago Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Spectroscopic Data ◽  
Intermolecular Forces ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Uv Visible

In this research, a new depside of the lichen Everniopsis trulla has been isolated. The extraction was carried out to 400 g of dry sample and ground with ethanol for 3 repetitions, then, it was fractionated by applying column chromatography with the CHCl3-MeOH system and purified by recrystallization with MeOH-Acetone (1: 1); Finally, white crystals in the form of needles (solid C) with a melting point of 198 ° C were obtained, whose structure was elucidated based on spectroscopic data (UV-Visible, IR, NMR-H1, NMR-C13, mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction). According to the Science Finder databases, it is a new depside, called trullarin, and it is observed that molecular packing is influenced by both intramolecular and intermolecular forces. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds of O - H -O type binds neighboring molecules forming dimers.

scholarly journals Self-Assembly and Intermolecular Forces When Cellulose and Water Interact Using Molecular Modeling

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Chami Khazraji ◽  
Sylvain Robert
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Intermolecular Forces ◽  
Electron Cloud ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Structural Anisotropy ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Exothermic Reactions ◽  
Total Displacement

Cellulose chains are linear and aggregation occurs via both intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Cellulose has a strong affinity to itself and toward materials containing hydroxyls groups. Based on the preponderance of hydroxyl functional groups, cellulose is very reactive with water. At room temperature, cellulose chains will have at least a monomolecular layer of water associated to it. The formation of hydrogen bonds at the cellulose/water interface is shown to depend essentially on the adsorption site, for example, the equatorial hydroxyls or OH moieties pointing outward from the cellulose chains. The vdW forces also contribute significantly to the adsorption energy. They are a considerable cohesive energy into the cellulose network. At the surface of the cellulose chains, many intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the cellulose chains are lost. However, they are compensated by hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Electronic clouds can be distorted and create electrostatic dipoles. The large antibonding electron cloud that exists around the glucosidic bonds produces an induced polarization at the approach of water molecules. The electron cloud can be distorted and create an electrostatic dipole. It applies to the total displacement of the atoms within the material. Orbitals play a special role in reaction mechanism. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of cellulose is based on its structural anisotropy. Cellulose-water interactions are exothermic reactions. These interactions may occur spontaneously and result in higher randomness of the system. They are denoted by a negative heat flow (heat is lost to the surroundings). Energy does not need to be inputted in order for cellulose-water interactions to occur.

scholarly journals Microscopic mechanisms of soil moisture related to hydromulching

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-281
Author(s):  
Gu Jian ◽  
Yin Guanghua ◽  
Ma Ningning ◽  
Sun Zhan-xiang ◽  
Li Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Mesh Structure ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Soil Moisture Conservation ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Observation Results

Abstract Hydromulching is a new mulch product which has positive effects on soil moisture conservation and the inhibition of evaporation. However, current research on its soil moisture conservation effect has mainly adopted the field fixed-point observation method, rather than revealing the soil moisture conservation mechanism from the microstructure of the hydromulching. This paper applied spectrum analysis technology to observe the structure and micromorphological features of hydromulching, which will be able to reveal the mechanism of soil moisture conservation. Three types of hydromulching, based on laboratory preparation, were used to analyze the mechanism of soil moisture, using the infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The results showed that −OH generates intermolecular hydrogen bonds between carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); the hydrogen bonds were formatted between the molecules of the two components, strengthening their compatibility, which increased the effectiveness of the hydromulching and created a dense mesh structure. ESEM observation results showed that preparation 1's hydromulching coverage had good effects, while preparations 2 and 3 performed poorly. Therefore, we can conclude that hydromulching effectively cements soil particles. Then it can generate the soil membrane structure to reduce evaporation and improve soil moisture conservation function.

scholarly journals A Laboratory Manual for the Preparation of Chemical Reagents, Solutions and Special Indicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-62
Author(s):  
Yiglet Mebrat
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Solution ◽  
Laboratory Safety ◽  
Microbial Biodiversity ◽  
Chemical Reagent ◽  
Laboratory Manual ◽  
Staining Solution ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Solution Preparation

A Laboratory Manual for the Preparation of Chemical Reagents, Solutions and Special Indicators. ETHIOPIAN BIODIVERSITY INSTITUTE, Microbial Biodiversity Directorate. This manual includes detailed view of the following: Laboratory Safety Precautions, Chemical Reagent Preparation, Buffer and Chemical Solution Preparation, Staining Solution Preparation, Indicators and Dye Solution Preparation, Preparation of Special Reagents, Known and Suspected List of Carcinogens and References.

scholarly journals Biocementation Potential of Tropical Residue Soil Infused with Facultative Anaerobe Bacteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 1412-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenny Tiong Ping Chiet ◽  
Khairul Anuar Kassim ◽  
Siaw Yah Chong
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Treatment Condition ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Facultative Anaerobe ◽  
Chemical Reagent ◽  
Chemical Reagents

Biomediated soil improvement, a promising new branch of microbial geotechnology; which involved multi disciplines has successfully attracted abundant attentions among researchers, geotechnical engineers, and other industries practitioners. Few of the researches were conducted to examine the potential implementation of this technique on tropical residue soil. However, the uncertainties outcomes and inconsistency of bio mediated soil improvement, especially on the clayed soil have made this technique remained at the laboratory stage. Therefore, this paper intended to provide better understanding of this technique by investigating the relation between the bacteria, cementation reagents, and tropical residue soil. The residual soil was mixed with facultative anaerobe bacteria, Bacillus Subtilis before it was compacted into a prefabricated PVC mould. The soil samples were treated with different treatment condition such as (1) control or untreated, (2) treated with cementation solution, (3) treated with bacteria only, and (4) treated with bacteria and Cementation reagent. A worth noting finding showed that the sample treated with bacteria and nutrient only has produced the highest increment of shear strength. This phenomenon might have been caused by the effect of the chemical reagent to the mineralogy of residue soil. The presence of the chemical reagents is believed to have weakened the shear strength of the tropical residual soil.

maize, 1.4-2.7%; of waxy barley, 2.1-8.3%; and of waxy swell only slightly in cold water. Granules differ in size rice 0-2.3%; thus the range of amylose contents of the and shape among plants. For example, corn starch has an waxy wheats is comparable to that of other waxy cereal average diameter of about 15 1.1,M, wheat starch has a bi-grains. Biochemical features of starch from waxy wheats modal size distribution of 25-40 and 5-10 [tm, potato are similar to those of waxy maize [71]. starch has an average size of 40 WTI, and rice starch has an Starch from barley contains 22-26% amylose, the rest average size of 5µm [99]. being amylopectin [28]. However, samples of 11-26% The particle sizes of starch granules have recently re-amylose are known, and starch from waxy barley contains ceived much attention because of their important roles in only 0-3% amylose, while high-amylose starches contain determining both the taste and mouthfeel of fat substitutes up to 45%. and the tensible properties of degradable plastic films. Amylose content of rice is categorized as very low Daniel and Whistler [39] reported that small-granule (0-9%), low (9-20%), intermediate (20-25%), or high starch about 2 !um in diameter, or similar in size to the lipid (25-33%) [124]. The amylose content of long grain rice micelle, had advantages as a fat substitute. Lim et al. [117] ranges from 23 to 26%, while medium grain ranges from investigated the use of starches of different particle size in 15 to 20% and short grain ranges from 18 to 20% [103]. degradable plastic film. They reported that a linear correla-Oat amylose content (16-27%) is similar to that of tion between film thickness and particle size and an in-wheat starch, but oat amylose is more linear and oat amy-verse linear correlation between film thickness and particle lopectin is more branched than that found in wheat [121]. size. Small-granule starches may also be used as face pow-Most sorghum starch is similar in composition to corn der or dusting powder, as a stabilizer in baking powder, and contains 70-80% branched amylopectin and 21-28% and as laundry-stiffening agents. amylose [127]. However, waxy or glutinous sorghum con-The size of the wheat starch granule is 1-30 lam, the tains starch with 100% amylopectin and has unique prop-size distribution being bimodal. Such a bimodal size distri-erties similar to waxy corn [158]. Badi et al. [11] reported bution is characteristic of wheat starch, as well as of rye 17% amylose in starch from one pearl milled population. and barley starches. Wheat starch consists of two basic Gracza [69] reviewed the minor constituents of starch. forms: small spherical granules (about 5-10 wri) and larg-Cereal starches contain low levels of lipids. Usually, the er lenticular granules (about 25-4011m). The small B-gran-lipids associated with starch are polar lipids. Generally, the ules are spherical and have a diameter of less than 10 wrt; level of lipids in cereal starch is between 0.5 and 1%. Be-a mean value of about 4 lam has been reported. The large sides low levels of other minerals, starches contain phos-A-granules are lenticular and have a diameter greater than phorus and nitrogen. In the cereals, phosphorus occurs 10 lam, with a mean 14.11.1m. In reality, the granules have a mostly in the form of phospholipids. The nitrogen is gener-continuous distribution of granule size within the range ally considered to be present as protein, but it may also be designated for that starch. Amylose and amylopectin are a constituent of the lipid fraction. intermixed and distributed evenly throughout the granule. The interaction between amylose and lipids is more Many believe that the composition and properties of small powerful by far than that between amylopectin and lipids and large granules are similar, but this is a subject of some [55]. It is well established that polar lipids (e.g., mono-argument and the subject of many research studies [42]. glycerides, fatty acids, and similar compounds) form a hel-Kulp [110] evaluated the fundamental and bread-mak-ical inclusion complex with the amylose molecule, be-ing properties of small wheat starch granules and com-tween the hydrocarbon chain of the lipid and the interior of pared them with those of regular starch. Small granules the amylose helix. were found to be lower in iodine affinity, indicating differ-ences in amylose levels or some fundamental structural differences. Gelatinization temperature ranges, water-binding capacities, and enzymic susceptibilities of small Starch is laid down in the shape of particles in special amy-granules were higher than those of regular ones. loplast cells in the plant. These particles are called gran-Rice has one of the smallest starch granules of cereal ules, and they are the means by which the plant stores en-grains, ranging in size from 3 to 5 pm in the mature grain, ergy for the carbohydrate in a space-saving way, but also to although the small granules of wheat starch are almost the make the energy easily accessible when the seed germi-same size [33]. The small granule size of that starch results nates [57]. One starch granule is synthesized in each amy-in physical properties that make it useful as a dusting flour loplast, and the shape and size of a starch granule is typical in bakeries. Rice starch amyloses have degree of polymer-of its botanical origin. ization (DP) values of 1000-1100 and average chain Starch granules are relatively dense, insoluble, and lengths of 250-320. These structural properties of amylose

2000 ◽  
pp. 405-432
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Small Granule ◽  
Average Size
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