Influence of Snowy Pavement on Driver’s Characteristics of Fixation and Saccade

2012 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
pp. 113-116
Author(s):  
Li Xin Wu ◽  
Guo Zhu Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
Driver’S Characteristics

For driving safety on snowy pavement, it is necessary to study on the influence of snowy pavement on driver’s visual characteristics. Based on reasonable partition of driver’s visual field, the data of the number of driver’s fixation and fixation time were surveyed. And driver’s characteristics of fixation were compared on good pavement and snowy pavement. Based on the data of driver’s saccade distance and speed, driver’s characteristics of saccade were compared on good and snowy pavement. It shows that snowy pavement make drivers’ visual field become narrow and it is easy to cause drivers’ visual fatigue which is adverse to driving safety.

scholarly journals Impact of Urban Undersea Tunnel Longitudinal Slope on the Visual Characteristics of Drivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shoushuo Wang ◽  
Zhigang Du ◽  
Fangtong Jiao ◽  
Libo Yang ◽  
Yudan Ni
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Longitudinal Slope ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Vehicle Test ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to investigate the impact of the urban undersea tunnel longitudinal slope on the visual characteristics of drivers. 20 drivers were enrolled to conduct the real vehicle test of the urban undersea tunnel. First, the data of average fixation time and visual lobe were collected by an eye tracker. The differential significance was tested using the one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Then, the difference between the up-and-down slope (direction) factor and the longitudinal slope (percent) factor on the two indexes were analyzed using the two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Second, by constructing a Lorentz model, the impact of the longitudinal slope on the average fixation time and the visual lobe were analyzed. Besides, a three-dimensional model of the longitudinal slope, average fixation time, and visual lobe was quantified. The results showed that the average fixation time and visual lobe under different longitudinal slopes markedly differed when driving on the uphill and downhill sections. The average fixation time and visual lobe under two factors were markedly different. Moreover, with an increase in the longitudinal slope, the average fixation time exhibited a trend of increasing first then decreasing; the visual lobe exhibited a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The average fixation time reached the minimum and maximum value when the slope was 2.15% and 4.0%, whereas the visual lobe reached the maximum and minimum value when the slope was 2.88% and 4.0%. Overall, the longitudinal slope exerted a great impact on the visual load of the driver.

scholarly journals Are Your Eyes “on the Road”? Findings from the 2019 National Study on Vision and Driving Safety in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Lijarcio ◽  
Sergio A. Useche ◽  
Javier Llamazares ◽  
Luis Montoro
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
National Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Visual Health

Background: Vision is an undisputable contributor to the explanation of many human-factor related traffic crashes happening every day. The Inland Transport Committee (ITC), the United Nations regulatory platform, included on 1st April 2020 special action on the vision of road users inside the ITC Recommendations for Enhancing Road Safety Systems. The results of this wide-scale study on drivers’ vision health conducted in Spain perfectly illustrates the need of global action and its potential impact on the public health figures and the burden of potentially preventable traffic causalities. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess three key visual health issues (i.e., visual acuity, visual field campimetry and glare recovery) among Spanish drivers, in order to formulate implications and possible guidelines to enhance road safety. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined the visual health of a representative sample of 3249 drivers (70% females and 30% males) with a mean age of 41 (SD = 13) years, gathered from all the 17 autonomous communities of Spain. Results: The tests performed allowed to determine that 15% of Spanish drivers have a poor photopic vision, while 38% of them present an inadequate mesopic vision. Further, 23% of drivers have deficiencies in peripheric visual field campimetry, and the average time for full-vision recovery after a 10-s glare was 27 s. Sex, age and driver type (professional vs. non-professional) differences were found for the study variables. Conclusions: The findings of this study support the idea that certain demographic-based population groups of drivers present several unaddressed deficiencies and impairments in visual health. Overall an estimated 29.5% of Spanish drivers present visual issues, that need to be attended in order to enhance the prevention of driving crashes and the road safety of all road users.

scholarly journals Visual Characteristics of Drivers at Different Sections of an Urban Underpass Tunnel Entrance: An Experimental Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5224
Author(s):  
Fangtong Jiao ◽  
Zhigang Du ◽  
Haoran Zheng ◽  
Shoushuo Wang ◽  
Lei Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Time Threshold ◽  
Line Section ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Real Vehicle ◽  
Tunnel Entrance

The increase in the number of traffic accidents due to the increasing number of urban underpass tunnels necessitate a better investigation of drivers’ visual characteristics when entering the tunnels. A total of 20 drivers were gathered to perform a real vehicle experiment in an urban underpass tunnel. The saccade angle, saccade frequency, and fixation time were selected as the research indexes. The urban underpass tunnel entrance was divided into five sections, namely the external straight line section, the upper half of the ramp, the lower half of the ramp, the shading shed section, and the entrance inner section. The results showed that the saccade angle and frequency of the ramp were significantly smaller than that of the external straight line and the tunnel interior, and the saccade range in front of the entrance was more concentrated. The changes in fixation time and the difference range of 15th-85th fixation time threshold in each section were analyzed. The fixation time of all sections was distributed within the range of 149.476 to 475.414 ms. The driver’s fixation was more and more concentrated when the sidewalls were higher and closer to the portal.

scholarly journals Interocular conflict from a monocular augmented reality display: Impact of visual characteristics on performance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256766
Author(s):  
Elodie Bayle ◽  
Sylvain Hourlier ◽  
Sylvie Lelandais ◽  
Charles-Antoine Salasc ◽  
Laure Leroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Target Tracking ◽  
Event Detection ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Binocular Fusion ◽  
Monocular Image ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
User Comfort

In monocular see-through augmented reality systems, each eye is stimulated differently by a monocular image that is superimposed on the binocular background. This can impair binocular fusion, due to interocular conflict. As a function of visual characteristics, the latter can have a greater or lesser impact on user comfort and performance. This study tested several visual characteristics of a binocular background and a monocular element during an exposure that reproduced the interocular conflict induced by a monocular see-through near-eye display. The aim was to identify which factors impact the user’s performance. Performance was measured as target tracking and event detection, identification, fixation time, and latency. Our results demonstrate that performance is a function of the binocular background. Furthermore, exogenous attentional stimulation, in the form of a pulse with different levels of contrast applied to the monocular display, appears to preserve performance in most background conditions.

More Driving Safety with a Better Designed Trip Computer Keyboard

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 721-725
Author(s):  
R. Haller ◽  
D. Bouis ◽  
F. Heintz ◽  
Robert Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Input Sequence ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Potential Safety ◽  
Computer Keyboard ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
And Control

The need for more economic driving and the new possibilities of electronic equipment in cars lead to additional display and control devices for the driver. Such systems contain potential safety risks, if they are not designed with special emphasis on ergonomic requirements. Several keyboard concepts for an information center (trip computer) were compared experimentally. By measuring operating time, eye fixation time to keyboard and display etc. it was discovered, that a so called sequence keyboard with one key corresponding to each display digit or column has several advantages compared with a 10-key telephone keyboard. Especially the fixation time to each keyboard as a measure of the potential safety risk differed by 0.5 to 1.0 second. The longer operating time for the sequence keyboard compared with the telephone keyboard does not impair traffic safety because the sequence keyboard mostly was actuated without fixation and in accordance with the traffic situation the input sequence was interrupted.

Frame-of-Reference and Hierarchical-Organisation Effects in the Rod-and-Frame Illusion

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1485-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Zoccolotti ◽  
Gabriella Antonucci ◽  
Roberta Daini ◽  
Maria Luisa Martelli ◽  
Donatella Spinelli
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Tilted Frame ◽  
Large Display ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Small Display ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Rod And Frame

Two hypotheses proposed as alternatives by Rock—frame of reference and hierarchical organisation of perception—were tested in a series of experiments with the use of the rod-and-frame illusion. This illusion produces errors in the apparent vertical due to the presence of a tilted frame surrounding the test rod. The apparent vertical is shifted in the direction of the frame tilt. When an upright square was added inside the tilted frame, rod-setting errors varied according to the visual characteristics of the display. In the case of a large display presented in the dark (experiment 1), there continued to be large errors in the direction of the outer-square tilt. This finding supports the frame-of-reference hypothesis, which proposes that the orientation of all objects in the visual field is dominated by the most peripheral reference. In the case of a small display presented in a lit environment (experiments 2 and 3), the direction of errors was the opposite. This latter finding was taken to indicate that the rod was set with reference to the perceived tilt of the inner upright square. Thus, according to a hierarchical-organisation hypothesis, the orientation of an object in the visual field is influenced by objects in the immediate surroundings not by outermost reference. Overall, the results confirm the presence of two qualitatively different classes of orientational phenomena: one is concerned with the definition of egocentric coordinates and one with an object-centred visual representation.

scholarly journals Entropy-Based Effect Evaluation of Delineators in Tunnels on Drivers’ Gaze Behavior

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyan Han ◽  
Yang Shao ◽  
Shaowei Yang ◽  
Peng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Effect Evaluation ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Driver Safety ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Switching Patterns ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Transition Entropy

Driving safety in tunnels has always been an issue of great concern. Establishing delineators to improve drivers’ instantaneous cognition of the surrounding environment in tunnels can effectively enhance driver safety. Through a simulation study, this paper explored how delineators affect drivers’ gaze behavior (including fixation and scanpath) in tunnels. In addition to analyzing typical parameters, such as fixation position and fixation duration in areas of interest (AOIs), by modeling drivers’ switching process as Markov chains and calculating Shannon’s entropy of the fit Markov model, this paper quantified the complexity of individual switching patterns between AOIs under different delineator configurations and with different road alignments. A total of 25 subjects participated in this research. The results show that setting delineators in tunnels can attract drivers’ attention and make them focus on the pavement. When driving in tunnels equipped with delineators, especially tunnels with both wall delineators and pavement delineators, the participants exhibited a smaller transition entropy H t and stationary entropy H s , which can greatly reduce drivers’ visual fatigue. Compared with left curve and right curve, participants obtained higher H t and H s values in the straight section.

scholarly journals Interpreting sensory and cognitive signals in the cortical reading network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garikoitz Lerma-Usabiaga ◽  
Rosemary Le ◽  
Chen Gafni ◽  
Michal Ben-Shachar ◽  
Brian Wandell
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Sensory Signal ◽  
Receptive Field Properties ◽  
Visual Maps ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
Visual Field Maps ◽  
Signal Models

Receptive field properties measured in the reading portion of the ventral occipital-temporal (VOT) cortex are task- and stimulus-dependent. To understand these effects, we analyzed responses in visual field-maps (V1-3, hV4, VO1) whose signals are likely inputs to the VOT. Within these maps, each voxel contains neurons that are responsive to specific regions of the visual field; these regions can be quantified using the moving bar paradigm and population receptive field (pRF) analysis. We measured pRFs using several types of contrast patterns within the bar (English words, Hebrew words, checkers, and false fonts). Word and false-font stimuli produce estimates that are as much as 3-4 deg closer to the fovea than checker stimuli in all visual field maps, becoming very pronounced in V3, hV4 and VO-1. The responses in the visual field maps suggest that the pRF shifts depend mostly on the visual characteristics of the stimulus, and may be explained by sensory signal models and their known neural circuitry. Responses in the VOT reading regions do not follow the same pattern as the visual maps. The pRF centers are confined to the central five degrees, and the responses to false-fonts differ from the responses to words. To understand these VOT signals, we suggest it is necessary to extend the sensory pRF model to include an explicit cognitive signal that distinguishes words from false-fonts.

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