scholarly journals Entropy-Based Effect Evaluation of Delineators in Tunnels on Drivers’ Gaze Behavior

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyan Han ◽  
Yang Shao ◽  
Shaowei Yang ◽  
Peng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Effect Evaluation ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Driver Safety ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Switching Patterns ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Transition Entropy

Driving safety in tunnels has always been an issue of great concern. Establishing delineators to improve drivers’ instantaneous cognition of the surrounding environment in tunnels can effectively enhance driver safety. Through a simulation study, this paper explored how delineators affect drivers’ gaze behavior (including fixation and scanpath) in tunnels. In addition to analyzing typical parameters, such as fixation position and fixation duration in areas of interest (AOIs), by modeling drivers’ switching process as Markov chains and calculating Shannon’s entropy of the fit Markov model, this paper quantified the complexity of individual switching patterns between AOIs under different delineator configurations and with different road alignments. A total of 25 subjects participated in this research. The results show that setting delineators in tunnels can attract drivers’ attention and make them focus on the pavement. When driving in tunnels equipped with delineators, especially tunnels with both wall delineators and pavement delineators, the participants exhibited a smaller transition entropy H t and stationary entropy H s , which can greatly reduce drivers’ visual fatigue. Compared with left curve and right curve, participants obtained higher H t and H s values in the straight section.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Predictability of Visual Scanpaths Using Active Information Storage

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Patricia Wollstadt ◽  
Martina Hasenjäger ◽  
Christiane B. Wiebel-Herboth
Keyword(s):  
Information Storage ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Human Machine Interaction ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Visual Scanpath ◽  
Active Information Storage ◽  
Temporal Horizon ◽  
Machine Interaction ◽  
Transition Entropy

Entropy-based measures are an important tool for studying human gaze behavior under various conditions. In particular, gaze transition entropy (GTE) is a popular method to quantify the predictability of a visual scanpath as the entropy of transitions between fixations and has been shown to correlate with changes in task demand or changes in observer state. Measuring scanpath predictability is thus a promising approach to identifying viewers’ cognitive states in behavioral experiments or gaze-based applications. However, GTE does not account for temporal dependencies beyond two consecutive fixations and may thus underestimate the actual predictability of the current fixation given past gaze behavior. Instead, we propose to quantify scanpath predictability by estimating the active information storage (AIS), which can account for dependencies spanning multiple fixations. AIS is calculated as the mutual information between a processes’ multivariate past state and its next value. It is thus able to measure how much information a sequence of past fixations provides about the next fixation, hence covering a longer temporal horizon. Applying the proposed approach, we were able to distinguish between induced observer states based on estimated AIS, providing first evidence that AIS may be used in the inference of user states to improve human–machine interaction.

scholarly journals Gaze Behavior in Basketball Free Throws Developed in Constant and Variable Practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław H. Czyż ◽  
Martin Zvonař ◽  
Zbigniew Borysiuk ◽  
Jiří Nykodým ◽  
Piotr Oleśniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Variable Practice ◽  
Constant Practice

There are a limited number of studies focusing on the mechanisms explaining why variable practice gives an advantage in a novel situation and constant practice in performance in trained conditions. We hypothesized that this may be due to the different gaze behavior that is developed under different conditions. Twenty participants, randomly assigned to two different groups, practiced basketball free throws for three consecutive days, performing 100 throws per day. The constant group (n = 10) practiced at a free throw distance (4.57 m) only. The variable practice group (n = 10) randomly performed 20 shots per five throw distances (3.35, 3.96, 4.57, 5.18, and 5.79 m) on each day, also accumulating 100 shots per day. We analyzed the total gaze fixation duration, a number of fixations, and the average fixation duration on a basketball rim in a pretest and posttest at the 4.57 m distance. We computed a linear mixed model with test (pretest–posttest), group (constant–variable), and test × group interaction in order to analyze the total fixation duration and number of fixations. The average fixation duration was analyzed with a repeated measure two-way ANOVA, with practice conditions as a between-participants factor and test type as a within-participants factor. We found that the total fixation duration increased significantly in the posttest, regardless of the practice conditions (p < 0.001, effect size = 0.504). The number of fixations also increased significantly in the posttest (p = 0.037, effect size = 0.246). The average fixation duration increased in both groups; however, insignificantly. We also did not find any significant differences between groups. Our results suggest that variable and constant practice conditions may lead to the development of similar gaze behavior.

Research of Vibration Analysis and Monitoring during the Pile Driving

2013 ◽  
Vol 368-370 ◽  
pp. 1693-1696
Author(s):  
Ze Pei Xu ◽  
Xi Bing Li
Keyword(s):  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Mechanical Vibration ◽  
Ground Vibration ◽  
Vibration Monitoring ◽  
Vibration Velocity ◽  
Pile Driving ◽  
Effect Evaluation ◽  
Monitoring Point ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Function Relationship

Ground vibration caused by pile driving is a kind of mechanical vibration, and the research of its characteristics is the premise of the effect evaluation on surrounding environment. With the engineering example by the analysis of vibration monitoring, the results show that the vibration frequency is low, and there is a power function relationship between the vibration velocity and the distance from monitoring point to the pile. It can be used for impact evaluation of vibration according to the fitting equation.

Influence of Snowy Pavement on Driver’s Characteristics of Fixation and Saccade

2012 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
pp. 113-116
Author(s):  
Li Xin Wu ◽  
Guo Zhu Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
Driver’S Characteristics

For driving safety on snowy pavement, it is necessary to study on the influence of snowy pavement on driver’s visual characteristics. Based on reasonable partition of driver’s visual field, the data of the number of driver’s fixation and fixation time were surveyed. And driver’s characteristics of fixation were compared on good pavement and snowy pavement. Based on the data of driver’s saccade distance and speed, driver’s characteristics of saccade were compared on good and snowy pavement. It shows that snowy pavement make drivers’ visual field become narrow and it is easy to cause drivers’ visual fatigue which is adverse to driving safety.

scholarly journals Graphological and semantic foregrounding as affecting gaze and speech of impulsive and reflective readers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Izmalkova ◽  
Anastasia Rzheshevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Textual Information ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Action Event ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Movement Parameters

The study explores the effects of graphological and semantic foregrounding on speech and gaze behavior in textual information construal of subjects with higher and lower impulsivity. Eye movements of sixteen participants were recorded as they read drama texts with interdiscourse switching (semantic foregrounding), with features of typeface distinct from the surrounding text (graphological foregrounding). Discourse modification patterns were analyzed and processed in several steps: specification of participant/object/action/event/perspective modification, parametric annotation of participants’ discourse responses, contrastive analysis of modification parameter activity and parameter synchronized activity. Significant distinctions were found in eye movement parameters (gaze count and initial fixation duration) in subjects with higher and lower impulsivity when reading parts of text with graphical foregrounding. Impulsive subjects tended to visit the areas more often with longer initial fixations than reflective subjects, which is explained in terms of stimulus-driven attention, associated with bottom-up processes. However, these differences in gaze behavior did not result in pronounced distinctions in discourse responses, which were only slightly mediated by impulsivity/reflectivity.

scholarly journals Metacognitive monitoring and metacognitive strategies of gifted and average children on dealing with deductive reasoning task

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondřej Straka ◽  
Šárka Portešová ◽  
Daniela Halámková ◽  
Michal Jabůrek
Keyword(s):  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Metacognitive Skills ◽  
Metacognitive Monitoring ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Reasoning Task ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Subjective Confidence ◽  
Transition Entropy

In this paper, we inquire into possible differences between children with exceptionally high intellectual abilities and their average peers as regards metacognitive monitoring and related metacognitive strategies. The question whether gifted children surpass their typically developing peers not only in the intellectual abilities, but also in their level of metacognitive skills, has not been convincingly answered so far. We sought to examine the indicators of metacognitive behavior by means of eye-tracking technology and to compare these findings with the participants’ subjective confidence ratings. Eye-movement data of gifted and average students attending final grades of primary school (4th and 5th grades) were recorded while they dealt with a deductive reasoning task, and four metrics supposed to bear on metacognitive skills, namely the overall trial duration, mean fixation duration, number of regressions and normalized gaze transition entropy, were analyzed. No significant differences between gifted and average children were found in the normalized gaze transition entropy, in mean fixation duration, nor - after controlling for the trial duration – in number of regressions. Both groups of children differed in the time devoted to solving the task. Both groups significantly differed in the association between time devoted to the task and the participants’ subjective confidence rating, where only the gifted children tended to devote more time when they felt less confident. Several implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Assessing learning styles through eye tracking for e-learning applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-35
Author(s):  
Nahumi Nugrahaningsih ◽  
Marco Porta ◽  
Aleksandra Klasnja-Milicevic
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
The Right

Adapting the presentation of learning material to the specific student?s characteristics is useful to improve the overall learning experience and learning styles can play an important role to this purpose. In this paper, we investigate the possibility to distinguish between Visual and Verbal learning styles from gaze data. In an experiment involving first year students of an engineering faculty, content regarding the basics of programming was presented in both text and graphic form, and participants? gaze data was recorded by means of an eye tracker. Three metrics were selected to characterize the user?s gaze behavior, namely, percentage of fixation duration, percentage of fixations, and average fixation duration. Percentages were calculated on ten intervals into which each participant?s interaction time was subdivided, and this allowed us to perform timebased assessments. The obtained results showed a significant relation between gaze data and Visual/Verbal learning styles for an information arrangement where the same concept is presented in graphical format on the left and in text format on the right. We think that this study can provide a useful contribution to learning styles research carried out exploiting eye tracking technology, as it is characterized by unique traits that cannot be found in similar investigations.

Eye-tracking study of joint attention deficits in pre-school age

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Ya. K. Smirnova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Attention Deficits ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Attention Disorders ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Atypical Development ◽  
Areas Of Interest

The article investigates joint attention deficits in various forms of atypical development using eye movement recording. Preschoolers aged 5-7 years from different clinical groups participated in the study: typically developing (n = 20), with mental retardation (ICD-10 class F83) (n = 20), preschoolers with delayed speech development (ICD-10 class R47) (n = 20), with hearing impairment (sensorineural hearing loss, ICD-10 class H90) (n = 10) and with visual impairment (amblyopia and strabismus, IBC-10 class H53) (n = 20). Contrasting group analyses allowed us to identify both specific and universal manifestations of joint attention deficit symptoms in the different forms of atypical development. Gaze tracking was used to analyze fixation duration and frequency, fixation distribution, areas of interest, and to identify markers of joint attention deficits that interfere with the child's productive interaction with an adult. Potential mechanisms of atypical joint attention are described, including atypical direction of gaze, changes in the dynamics of the operative visual field, duration of visual concentration, and accuracy in fixing the object’s elements. It is shown that fixation time in joint attention episodes can be regarded as a prognostic marker of joint attention disorders: joint attention is associated not only with spatial characteristics of areas of interest, but also with fixation duration on the object (decrease/increase in fixation duration).

How do People look at Pictures of Pigs? Analyzing Fixation Duration Depending on Pig Expression and Barn Type using Eye-Tracking

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 300-310
Author(s):  
Sarah Gauly ◽  
Gesa Busch ◽  
Achim Spiller ◽  
Ulrich Enneking ◽  
Susanne Kunde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Using eye-tracking, this study investigates fixation duration of students viewing pictures of pigs, which systematically vary in the facial expression of the pig and in the barn setting. The aim of this study is to analyze which picture elements are viewed and for how long, as well as how fixation times vary with a change of the expression of the pig and the barn type. The results show clear effects of picture composition: pig expression and pen type affect fixation durations of different areas of interest with the influence of the pig being considerably larger. Face regions are viewed longer in the “happy” pig, while floor/bedding and the eyes are viewed longer in pictures showing the “unhappy” pig which might be a hint for information search. The power of facial expressions, also for the depiction of farm animals, is a new finding of this paper, which might be of importance when selecting agricultural pictures for different purposes.

scholarly journals Analisis Pelaksanaan Kepatuhan Terhadap Safety Driving Pada Pengemudi Foco Truck Dan Bucket Truck Di Pt. Pancaran Darat Transport Duri

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-498
Author(s):  
Vickry Abdillah John ◽  
Masribut Masribut ◽  
Ahmad Satria Efendi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Driver Safety ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
The Government ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Safety driving adalah perilaku mengemudi yang aman yang bisa untuk membantu menghindari masalah lalu lintas yang merupakan dasar pelatihan mengemudi lebih lanjut yang lebih memperhatikan keselamatan pengemudi. Untuk mencegah terjadinya pelanggaran yang dapat menyebabkan kecelakaan pada pengemudi maka pihak perusahaan menerapkan aturan safety driving.Upaya untuk meningkatkan keselamatan tentunya bukan hanya tanggung jawab pemerintah saja melainkan tanggung jawab kita bersama. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan kepatuhan terhadap safety driving pada pengemudi foco truck dan bucket truck di PT Pancaran Darat Transport Duri tahun 2020. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif analitik. Subjek dalam penelitian ini ada 4 yaitu HES officer dan pengemudi 3 orang. Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara mendalam dengan menggunakan bantuan pedoman wawancara. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pelaksanaan kepatuhan terhadap safety driving belum optimal, hal ini disebabkan oleh masih adanya pelanggaran yang dilakukan pengemudi pada saat sedang mengemudi dan kurangnya kesadaran tentang pentingnya keselamatan pada saat sedang bekerja. Diharapkan bagi pihak perusahaan agar lebih meningkatkan lagi upaya dan peraturan safety driving serta selalu memeriksa kondisi pengemudi agar tidak terjadinya pelanggaran pada saat sedang mengemudi.   Safety driving is a behavior or attitude of safety drivers that can help them to avoid from traffic cases which is the basis for further driving safety that pays more attention to driver safety. To protect violations that can cause accidents to drivers, the company applies safety driving rules. Efforts to improve safety are of course, not only the responsibility of the government, but also our responsibility. The purpose of this research was to see the implementation based on safety driving of foco and bucket truck drivers at PT Pancaran Darat transportation Duri 2020. The research is a descriptive qualitative study. There were 4 subjects in this study, namely Hes Officer and 3 drivers.The technique used in this research is in-depth interview using new interview assistance. The results of this study indicate the implementation of driving safety has not been optimal, this is due to the presence of a driver while driving and not realizing the importance of safety while working. It is hoped that the company will further improve efforts and regulations on safety driving and always supervise the driver so that it does not happen while driving.

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