Strength Analysis of BFRP Rebar Based on Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test and ANOVA Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 598 ◽  
pp. 492-496
Author(s):  
Ming Lei Ma ◽  
Gui Ling Wang ◽  
Dong Mei Miao ◽  
Bao Yu Lian
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Static Strength ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Fisher Test ◽  
The Real ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Ks Test ◽  
Smirnov Test

A very triditional and comprehensive understanding of the rebars’ static strength is that the strenth followes a normal distribution, no evidence or mathmatic test have adopted to prove that. This paper wants to bring a new idea to analyze the real true result to the former understanding. And finally a six more general distribution forms are used to give a provement which ignored in many strength analyis in China engineering community.During the provement, Fisher test and ANOVA method are studied carefully to suport the KS test.

scholarly journals Indicadores de desempenho registrados em função do tempo no basquetebol brasileiro

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-181
Author(s):  
Yura Yuka Sato dos Santos ◽  
Lucas Antônio Monezi ◽  
Milton Shoiti Misuta ◽  
Luciano Allegretti Mercadante
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
Technical Indicators ◽  
Point Field ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Smirnov Test

Basketball performance analysis using technical indicators dissociated from the moment they occurred in the game seems to no longer respond to emerging issues of the game as it does not identify the periods when a team’s offensive efficiency has increased or decreased. The aim was to characterize and compare the technical indicators in the positive and negative periods and in the whole game of winning and losing teams in men’s professional basketball. Fourteen games of professional men’s teams of the “Novo Basquete Brasil” Championship in the regular 2011/2012 season were filmed and analyzed. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify data normality. The independent T test was used for variables with normal distribution and the Mann-Whitney test for variables that did not present normal distribution, in order to compare teams’ performance. Analysis in the whole game showed that winning teams had significantly higher averages in successful 3-point field goals but in the positive periods, they showed higher averages for successful free throws, successful layups, defensive rebounds and defensive fouls, and in negative periods, losing teams made more defensive and offensive fouls. The teams’ performance in the whole game may not elucidate the determinant indicators for building the difference in the scoreboard. It is suggested that coaches should identify the periods of best and worst teams’ performance in the game and the indicators involved, preparing teams to overcome the negative periods and obtain more positive periods in the game. 

scholarly journals Normalization of Showjumping Competition’s Results

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-403
Author(s):  
Zuzana Schubertová ◽  
Juraj Candrák
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Previous Model ◽  
Normal Score ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Anderson Darling ◽  
Well Data ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Variable Ranking ◽  
Ks Test

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the newly proposed transformation of penalty points and ranking of showjumping horses for the purpose of genetic evaluation. Genomic information in the transformation of input data was used as well. Data of showjumping competition Global Champions Tour was used. Profit of penalty points was transformed to normally distributed variable using Blom formula (height of obstacles and height of obstacles with single nucleotide polymorphism - SNP effect taken into account). Non-normal distribution was obtained. The rankings of sport horses in competitions were transformed using the Blom formula (height of obstacles taken into account) to normal distribution (tests of normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test Pr>D, D 0.011, P>0.150, Cramer-von Mises (CM) test Pr>W-Sq, W-Sq 0.039, P>0.250, Anderson-Darling test (AD) Pr>A-Sq, A-Sq 0.638, P<0.097). Better distributed variable ranking transformed by Blom formula (height of obstacles and SNP effect taken into account) was obtained (KS test Pr>D, D 0.004, P>0.150, CM test Pr>W-Sq, W-Sq 0.004, P>0.250, AD test Pr>A-Sq, A-Sq 0.062, P>0.250). Model where all used fixed effects to equation were applied without any combination of the effects was tested, R2 0.54. Variable ranking was transformed to normal score by Blom formula (height of obstacles was taken into account). In the following model some effects were taken into account in the form of quadratic regression, R2 0.61. Variable ranking was transformed to normal score, the same as in previous model. In the last model we transformed variable ranking to normal score by Blom formula, taking into account height of obstacles and SNP effect. Same effects as in previous model were used, R2 0.60

scholarly journals Analisis Pengaruh Variabel-variabel Ekonomi Makro terhadap Return Saham

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 541-550
Author(s):  
Sunaryo Sunaryo
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Smirnov Test

The primary objective of this research is to learn the effecting inflation, interest rate of Indonesian bank certificate, changes of exchange rate, and changes of outstanding money amounts variables with changes of the return Jakarta composite index. Secondary data were collected from Jakarta composite Index, annual Indonesian bank report, Jakarta daily newspaper, and preceding research by using judgment sampling until it got normal distribution data with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results of this research described that inflation, Interest Rate of Indonesian Bank Certificate, and changes of outstanding money variables have not significant effect to the changes of return Jakarta composite index; and changes of exchange rate have significant effect to the changes return of Jakarta composite index. Inflation, interest rate of Indonesian bank certificate, changes of exchange rate, and changes of outstanding money amounts variables have simultaneous significant effect to thechanges return of Jakarta composite index. Topic of this research may continue using other countries or added more than 75.20 % of independence variables.

scholarly journals Distinct Contributions By Perivascular Niche Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 661-661
Author(s):  
Noboru Asada ◽  
Yuya Kunisaki ◽  
Takashi Nagasawa ◽  
Paul S. Frenette
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Ks Test ◽  
Smirnov Test

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) self-renew and differentiate into all blood types in response to various demands through life. HSC functions are tightly and finely tuned by a specialized microenvironment called "niche" in the bone marrow (BM). Using Nestin-GFP transgenic mice, we have identified Nestin-GFP+ perivascular stromal cells exhibiting a mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell activity as niche cells. Furthermore, we found two types of Nestin-GFP+ cells expressing different surface markers, Nerve/glial antigen 2 (NG2) and Leptin receptor (Lepr) that are associated with arterioles and sinusoid, respectively, in the BM (Kunisaki et al. Nature, 2013). Both arteriolar and sinusoidal niche cells have been reported to show high gene expression of cytokines essential for HSC maintenance such as CXCL12 and stem cell factor (SCF), however, it remains unknown how the distinct niche cells differentially regulate HSC functions. To investigate the mechanisms, we utilized genetic mouse models, in which CXCL12 or SCF can be deleted in specific cell types. CXCL12 deletion in sinusoidal niche cells by using Lepr-cre/Cxcl12fl/− mice mobilized HSCs and lineage− Sca-1+ c-kit+ (LSK) progenitors into spleen (HSC, CT: Control/DL: Deleted: 760±165 / 2193±557 / spleen, n=6, p<0.05) and blood (LSK, CT/DL: 177±36 / 668±156 / mL blood, n=5, p<0.05), but had no effect on HSC numbers in the BM (CT/DL: 1435±101 / 1194±75 / femur, n=6, p=0.085), which is consistent with a previous report (Ding and Morrison, Nature, 2013). Furthermore, assessments of endogenous HSC localization using whole-mount 3D imaging technology revealed that the deletion of CXCL12 in Lepr+ niche cells had no impact on HSC location (KS-test: Two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p=0.9981). By contrast, deletion of CXCL12 in NG2-cre derived cells, which recombines efficiently in the entire Nestin-GFP+ non-endothelial stromal fraction including both peri-arteriolar and peri-sinusoidal cells (96.9±1.3%), and overlapping with Lepr+ cells (88.5±1.6%) and CXCL12-abundant reticular cells (90.7±1.4%), led to a robust reduction of HSC numbers in the BM (CT/DL: 1487±87 / 179±40 / femur, n=10, p<0.0001) with HSC and progenitor mobilization into spleen (HSC, CT/DL: 705±262 / 3550±540 / spleen, n=6-8, p<0.01) and blood (LSK, CT/DL: 494±178 / 5357±896 / mL blood, n=5-7, p<0.01). In addition, deletion of CXCL12 in NG2-cre targeted cells led to HSC displacement away from arterioles (KS-test: Two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; p=0.001). To examine further a role of CXCL12 produced by NG2+ arteriolar niches on HSC maintenance, we generated tamoxifen-inducible NG2-creERTM/Cxcl12fl/− mice. Deletion of CXCL12 postnatally in NG2+ arteriolar niche cells significantly reduced the number of HSCs in the BM (CT/DL: 1617±160 / 960±95 / femur, n=10-13, p=0.0013), which was confirmed functionally by a competitive repopulation assay. Moreover, 3D imaging revealed that HSCs were located further away from arterioles in NG2-creERTM/Cxcl12fl/− marrow (KS-test: p<0.0001), suggesting a role for arteriolar niches in CXCL12-mediated HSC maintenance. As niche cells synthesize several factors, we evaluated the contribution of arteriolar niches in SCF synthesis, a cytokine shown to be critical for HSC maintenance. As expected, deletion of SCF in NG2-cre targeted cells led to a significant reduction of HSC numbers in the BM (CT/DL: 606±85 / 96±23 / femur, n=5-7, p<0.0001). To further evaluate functions of SCF produced by distinct vascular niches, we also compared these mice with deletions using Lepr-cre or tamoxifen-inducible NG2-creERTM mice. We found that deletion of SCF in Lepr-cre targeted cells showed a significant reduction of HSC numbers in the BM (CT/DL: 690±84 / 220±83 / femur, n=3-4, p<0.0118), consistent with previous studies (Ding et al., Nature, 2012), whereas there was no significant change observed in NG2-creERTM/SCFfl/− mice, suggesting that Lepr+ vascular niches rather than NG2+ arteriolar niches are the most important source of SCF in the BM. These results highlight distinct contributions of perivascular cells primarily located in separate vascular niches, arteriolar and sinusoidal, in HSC maintenance and mobilization. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Indoor PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and Outdoor PM2.5 Concentrations in Primary Schools in Sari, Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Mohammadyan ◽  
Bijan Shabankhani
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor ◽  
Smirnov Test

Abstract This study was carried out to determine the distribution of particles in classrooms in primary schools located in the centre of the city of Sari, Iran and identify the relationship between indoor classroom particle levels and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations. Outdoor PM2.5 and indoor PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were monitored using a real-time Micro Dust Pro monitor and a GRIMM monitor, respectively. Both monitors were calibrated by gravimetric method using filters. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that all indoor and outdoor data fitted normal distribution. Mean indoor PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations for all of the classrooms were 17.6 μg m-3, 46.6 μg m-3, 400.9 μg m-3, and 36.9 μg m-3, respectively. The highest levels of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured at the Shahed Boys School (69.1 μg m-3 and 115.8 μg m-3, respectively). The Kazemi school had the lowest levels of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 (29.1 μg m-3 and 15.5 μg m-3, respectively). In schools located near both main and small roads, the association between indoor fine particle (PM2.5 and PM1) and outdoor PM2.5 levels was stronger than that between indoor PM10 and outdoor PM2.5 levels. Mean indoor PM2.5 and PM10 and outdoor PM2.5 were higher than the standards for PM2.5 and PM10, and there was a good correlation between indoor and outdoor fine particle concentrations.

A New Model for Fatigue Life Distribution of Concrete

2007 ◽  
Vol 348-349 ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Fu Zhao ◽  
Qui Ying Chang ◽  
Jian Hui Yang ◽  
Yu Pu Song
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Fuzzy Optimization ◽  
Fatigue Loading ◽  
Static Strength ◽  
Multiaxial Fatigue ◽  
Life Distribution ◽  
New Model ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Smirnov Test

Based on the S-N relationship and statistical property of concrete static strength, a function of fatigue life of concrete,1 (a − blog N) , is found to follow the normal distribution. Thus a new probabilistic model of fatigue life distribution of concrete is presented in this paper. The model connects statistical properties of static strength and fatigue life of concrete together in theory, so it is of clear physical meaning. An experiment was conducted. The experiment was a part of the project of The State Natural Science Foundation—Failure Criterion of Plain Concrete Under Multiaxial Fatigue Loading. 2 χ -test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test are employed to test the proposed model. Fuzzy optimization is used to compare the model with lognormal distribution. 2 χ -test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and fuzzy optimization are also conducted for test data from references. The results show that the new model is more flexible to fit test data.

scholarly journals Comparison of Coordinative Abilities of Child Wrestlers and Judokas

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yaşar Çoruh ◽  
Serkan Zengin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The University ◽  
The Given ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Smirnov Test ◽  
Medicine Ball

The aim of this research is to compare the coordinative abilities of child wrestlers and judokas. Totally 52 athletes were included into the research by taking consent from their families; 26 judoka children whose age average is 13.45±0.506 years, height average is 1.52±0.090 mt and body weight average is 47.52±13.193 kg and 26 judoka whose age average is 14.75±0.639 years, height average is 1.59±0.064 mt and body weight average is 49.85±8.786 kg. All risks and benefits pertaining to the research were explained to the parents of athletes and they were asked to sign the university confirmed voluntary permission form. Numbered medicine ball running test, Backward Medicine Ball Throw Test and sprint test to the given rhythm were used for the purpose for determining the orientation, differentiation and rhythm performances in regard to coordinative abilities of the individuals participating into the research. SPSS 22 program was used for the analysis of the data obtained. It was found out according to the result of One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test performed that data related with rhythm times exhibited normal distribution, data related with orientation times and differentiation scores did not exhibit normal distribution. For this reason, while Independent Samples T test was used in comparison of data related with rhythm times by the type of sports, Mann Whitney U test was used in comparison of data related with orientation times and differentiation scores by the type of sports. Once the results related with research were examined, while it was seen that the rhythm times and orientation times of wrestlers were significantly better than those of judoka, it was concluded that any significant difference was not available for the differentiation ability.In conclusion, the findings of the study do not confirm our pre-research expectations. Once the related literature is examined, it is seen that there are many various results related with the coordinative abilities pertaining to different sports branches.

scholarly journals Detection of Non-Normality in Data Sets and Comparison between Different Normality Tests

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biu O. Emmanuel ◽  
Nwakuya T. Maureen ◽  
Nduka Wonu
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Ks Test ◽  
Test For Normality

The paper provides five tests of data normality at different sample sizes. The tests are the Shapiro-Wilk (SW) test, Anderson-Darling (AD) test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, Ryan-Joiner (RJ) test, and Jarque-Bera (JB) test. These tests were used to test for normality for two secondary data sets with sample size (155) for large and (40) for small; and then test the simulated scenario with standard normal “N(0,1)” data sets; where the large samples of sizes (150, 140, 130, 130, 110 and 100) and small samples of sizes (40. 35, 30, 25, 20, 15 and 10) are considered at two levels of significance (5% and 10%). However, the aim of this paper is to detect and compare the performance of the different normality tests considered. The normality test results shows Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test is a most powerful test than other tests since it detect the simulated large sample data sets do not follow a normal distribution at 5%, while for small sample sizes at 5% level of significance; the results showed the Jarque-Bera (JB) test is a most powerful test than other tests since it detects that the simulated small sample data do not follow a normal distribution at 5%. This paper recommended JB test for normality test when the sample size is small and KS test when the sample size is large at 5% level of significance.

scholarly journals Özel Sektörde Çalışan Bireylerin Marka Sadakati Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (23) ◽  
pp. 354-365
Author(s):  
Çağrı İlk
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Smirnov Test

Examination of Brand Loyalty Levels of Individuals Working in the Private Sector Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the brand loyalty levels of individuals working in the private sector. For this purpose, the sample group of the study consists of a total of 291 participants, 223 women and 68 men, selected using the convenient sampling method. In the study, the "Brand Loyalty Scale", developed by Tekin (2020) and validated and reliable, was used as a data collection tool. In order to determine the distribution of personal information of the participants in the analysis of the data, Kolmogorov Smirnov test was applied to determine whether the data showed a normal distribution, as well as the percentage and frequency descriptive statistical methods. It was determined that the data showed a normal distribution, and Parametric tests Independent sample t-test and One-way Anova tests were applied. According to the research findings, a significant difference was found between the sub-dimensions of the brand loyalty scale according to the variables of gender, marital status, fan club and following the matches. As a result, the level of brand loyalty varies according to the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Keywords: Brand, brand loyalty, private sector.

A Method of False Component Discriminant of EMD Based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

2013 ◽  
Vol 427-429 ◽  
pp. 2005-2008
Author(s):  
Wang Can Yang ◽  
Pei Lin Zhang ◽  
Ding Hai Wu ◽  
Zhou Xin
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Signal ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Signal Decomposition ◽  
Original Signal ◽  
Intrinsic Mode Functions ◽  
The Real ◽  
Similarity Threshold ◽  
Mode Decomposition ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Smirnov Test

In order to solve the problem that empirical mode decomposition (EMD) will cause false components in the process of signal decomposition, a method of false component discriminant of EMD based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was put forward. First, the original signal was decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) by EMD. Then the K-S test was used to calculate the similarity between each IMF and the original signal. The reasonable similarity threshold was selected for judging the authenticity of the IMFs. The IMFs of which the similarity values were less than the threshold value were determined to be the false components. The others of which the similarity values were greater than the threshold value were determined to be the real components. As a result, the false components were removed and the real components were remained. The vibration signal of bearing experiment indicated that the method of K-S test could discriminate the real components and the false components obviously. Then the false components were removed quickly and accurately and the real components of the original signal were obtained.

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