Impacts of Trace Elements Iron and Zinc on Phytoavailability of Heavy Metals Cadmium and Lead

In this paper, the soil simulation pot experiment was carried out to study the impacts of trace elements iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) on availability of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The self-made Cd and Pb compound contaminated soil was taken as the test soil, and wheat was taken as the test plant. The results show that with the increase in Fe dosage, overground dry weight, root dry weight, and total dry weight of wheat gradually increase; the application of Zn reduces overground dry weight, root dry weight, and total dry weight of wheat. Meanwhile, wheat biomass under Cd and Pb combined pollution is smaller than that under single Cd pollution or single Pb pollution. The application of Fe fertilizer increases Cd absorption of various parts of wheat. In the single Cd pollution treatment, with the increase in Fe dosage, Cd concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of wheat will first be increased, then decreased; in Cd and Pb combined pollution treatment, with the increase in Fe, Cd concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of wheat will also be increased. The application of Fe promotes the Pb absorption of wheat. With the increase in Fe dosage, Pb concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of wheat will first be increased, then decreased slightly. Compared with Zn0, Cd concentrations of different parts of wheat after Zn1 and Zn2 treatment increase significantly. In addition, with the increase in Zn dosage, Cd concentrations of different parts of wheat will first increase, then decrease. Regardless of single Pb pollution treatment or Cd and Pb combined pollution treatment, Pb concentrations of different parts of wheat decrease as Zn dosage increases. Under different Fe and Zn levels, and when Cd and Pb coexist, Pb can promote Cd absorption of plant, but Cd inhibits Pb absorption of plant.

Download Full-text

PENGARUH JUMLAH MATA TUNAS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK BATANG TRUBUSAN SUNGKAI (Peronema canescens)

Jurnal Sylva Scienteae ◽

10.20527/jss.v4i2.3339 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 291

Author(s):

Indri Elang Mayanti ◽

Basir Achmad

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forests ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Two Factors ◽

Experiment Unit ◽

Bud Growth ◽

Total Dry Weight

The areas of tropical forests in Indonesia always decrease every year, so that efforts are needed to cultivate plants efficiently for the supply of seedlings. Sungkai (Peronema canescens) has good quality wood that can be used for various purposes, either for construction, furniture, plywood or the leaves can be used for medicine. The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth of stem cuttings of sungkai based on the number of latent buds by calculating the root dry weight, bud dry weight, and total dry weight. This study used a factorial complete randomized design. There were two factors studied, namely the number of buds consisting of 2 levels: 2 buds and 1 bud, and the stem split factor. Each treatment was replicated 3 times and each experiment unit used 5 cuttings. The growth of sungkai cuttings in the treatment of two buds had a total dry weight of 170.04 grams, while the treatment of one bud had a total dry weight of 98.30 grams. The results of this study indicated that the more the number of latent buds, the more root and bud growth of cuttings.Keywords: Coppice; Latent buds; Cuttings; Sungkai

Download Full-text

Increasing Cell Size and Reducing Medium Compression Enhance Lettuce Transplant Quality and Field Production

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.2.184 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 184-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Silvana Nicola ◽

Daniel J. Cantliffe

Keyword(s):

Cell Size ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Weight ◽

Growth Ratio ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Initial Root

`South Bay' lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse during winter, spring, and fall to investigate the effect of cell size and medium compression on transplant quality and yield. Four Speedling planter flats (1.9-, 10.9-, 19.3-, 39.7-cm3 cells) and two medium compression levels [noncompressed and compressed (1.5 times in weight)] were tested. The two larger cell sizes and compression of the medium led to increased plant shoot growth. Conversely, root weight ratio [RWR = (final root dry weight ÷ final total dry weight + initial root dry weight ÷ initial total dry weight) ÷ 2] was highest with the smaller cells without medium compression. Lettuce transplants were field-grown on sand and muck soils. The larger cells delayed harvest by >2 weeks for plants grown on muck soil, but yield was unaffected. When grown on sandy soil, earliness was enhanced from plants grown in 19- and 40-cm3 cells, but head weights were not affected in the spring planting. In fall, heads were heavier for plants grown in 11-, 19-, or 40-cm3 cells compared with those from 2-cm3 cells. On sandy soil, harvest was delayed 13 days in spring and 16 days in fall for plants grown in the smallest cell size. Using the two smaller cell sizes saved medium and space in the greenhouse and increased the root growth ratio, but it led to reduced plant growth compared to using the bigger cells. Yield and earliness were more related to season and soil type than to transplant quality. On sandy soil, plants grown in 2- and 11-cm3 cells matured later, and yield was significantly decreased (8.6%) in fall by using plants from the 2-cm3 cells compared to the other sizes. From our results, compressing the medium in the cells was not justified because it is more costly and did not benefit yield in the field.

Download Full-text

Response of Sophora secundiflora to Nitrogen Form and Rate

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.46.9.1303 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (9) ◽

pp. 1303-1307 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Genhua Niu ◽

Denise Rodriguez ◽

Mengmeng Gu

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Nitrogen Form ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Ratio ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Root To Shoot Ratio ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Mountain Laurel

Texas mountain laurel (Sophora secundiflora) is a native shrub tolerating drought, heat, windy conditions, and alkaline or wet soils. However, its availability is somewhat low and little information is available on nutrient requirement and other culture information. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to quantify the responses of Texas mountain laurel to different forms and rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. In Expt. 1, 1-year old seedlings were treated for 194 days with three NO3:NH4 ratios at 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 and two rates of N at 100 and 200 mg·L−1 in a factorial design. There was no interaction between the N rate and form on any growth parameters. Nitrogen form did not significantly affect shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root–to-shoot ratio, or the total dry weight. There was no significant difference between N rate of 100 and 200 mg·L−1 on root dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio, or the total dry weight. The shoot dry weight of Texas mountain laurel fertilized with 100 mg·L−1 was higher compared with that of the plants fertilized at 200 mg·L−1. The reduced shoot dry weight at N of 200 mg·L−1 was the result of the higher substrate salinity. In Expt. 2, seedlings were fertilized with five N rates (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg·L−1) for 203 days. Plants watered with 150, 200, and 250 mg·L−1 were taller than those fertilized with 50 mg·L−1. The shoot height of plants watered with 100 mg·L−1 was only significantly different from 50 mg·L−1. For rapid growth of Texas mountain laurel, a N rate range of ≈150 mg·L−1 was recommended supplied with a combination of NO3-N and NH4-N in the ratios of 0.3 to 3.0.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of certain rainfed food and oil seed crops for their response to elevated CO2 at vegetative stage

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/3361-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 164-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Vanaja ◽

P. Vagheera ◽

P. Ratnakumar ◽

N. Jyothi lakshmi ◽

P. Raghuram Reddy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Vegetative Stage ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Oil Seed ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Seed Crops ◽

Leaf Dry Weight ◽

Oil Seed Crops

A study was conducted with two important rainfed food crops viz., sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) and blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Happer) and two oil seed crops viz., sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under two conditions viz., elevated CO2 (600 ppm) and ambient CO2 (365 ppm) in open top chambers (OTCs). The observations were recorded at the vegetative stage at 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after sowing (DAS). The results showed significant differences between crops, conditions and time intervals, as well as the single and double order interactions for all the characters studied viz., total dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, leaf dry weight, shoot length, root length and leaf area. Total dry weight and its components viz., stem dry weight, root dry weight and leaf dry weight along with leaf area showed a significant increase under enhanced CO2 conditions. Among the four crops studied the overall results showed the highest response to elevated CO2 by blackgram while the lowest response by sorghum.

Download Full-text

Aluminum effect on nutrition and development of grapevine rootstocks (Vitis spp.)

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2004.38.2.920 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Ângelo Albérico Alvarenga ◽

Murillo De Albuquerque Regina ◽

J.-C. Fráguas ◽

A. Lima da Silva ◽

Nilton N. J. Chalfun

Keyword(s):

Aerial Part ◽

Acid Soils ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Growth Capacity ◽

Development Characteristic ◽

Stems And Leaves ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Aluminum Effect ◽

Cu And Zn

The proposal work was to detect the growth capacity and absorption of minerals on grape rootstocks in acid soils with high contents of Al. The rootstocks tested were: ‘IAC 572’, ‘1045 P’, ‘RR 101-14’, ‘Kober 5BB’ and ‘Gravesac’, at 0 %, 13,5 %, 27 %, 40,5 % and 54 % aluminum (Al) saturation levels. Plants height, roots length, leaves, stems and total dry weight; roots, stems and leaves nutrients content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) and Al were evaluated.Development characteristic differences were observed only in rootstocks. ‘IAC 572’ showed the highest roots, stems and leaves development, followed by ‘Gravesac’ and ‘RR 101-14’. Rootstocks were different in soil Al and nutrient content, and some interactions occurred between both factors. ‘IAC 572’ had the highest: growth, Ca, Mg and Zn roots concentration and N, K in aerial part. ‘Kober 5BB’ had the smallest growth but accumulated more: N, Fe and S in roots, and Al, Cu and Fe in aerial part. ‘Gravesac’ had the highest concentration of N, P, K, S and B in aerial part.Increasing Al soil contents reduced: Ca and S in roots, Ca in the stems and leaves; but increased: Cu and Zn contents in roots and Zn and Mn contents in the stems and leaves. ‘IAC 572’ and ‘Gravesac’, retained more Al in roots when Al contents increased in the soil.

Download Full-text

Biomass Partitioning and Yield of Three Asparagus Hybrids

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.487f ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 487f-488

Author(s):

W. Alan Erb ◽

Linda Parsons ◽

Mark Pyeatt

Keyword(s):

Weight Ratio ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Biomass Partitioning ◽

Cultivar Differences ◽

Root Weight ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Sowing Seed ◽

Almost All ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

This study was conducted to learn when an asparagus plant partitions its biomass into leaves, stems, buds, and rhizomes, and roots and to determine when after harvest the crown of the plant is rejuvenated to the point that harvest can begin again. The plants used in this study were generated by sowing seed on Jan. 1995, transplanting seedlings into 1.8-L containers (5 sand: 4 soil: 1 peat) in Mar. 1995 and on Mar. 1996, placing the crowns into 9.5-L containers. During Fall 1996, the number of shoots per plant were recorded and this data was used to group plants into six classes. The study was started on 8 Apr. 1997 by first removing six plants/cultivar (one from each class) and biomass partitioning each crown into buds and rhizomes, and roots. The remaining plants were harvested eight times and after the final harvest on 20 Apr. another set of plants (six/cultivar) were partitioned. Starting on 3 June, a set of plants were partitioned every 2 weeks until 21 Oct., when growth stopped in the fall. Atlas and UC157 F1 produced the most spears and had the highest yield and they also had the highest total dry weight, leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight. There were no cultivar differences in rhizome and root dry weight. However, `Jersey Giant' and `Atlas' had the highest rhizome and root weight ratio. The highest bud dry weights occurred on 20 May, 23 Sept., 26 Aug., and 21 Oct. and the highest rhizome and root dry weights were on 21 Oct., 12 Aug., 26 Aug., and 23 Sept. The bud dry weight recorded on 12 Aug. was equal to the bud dry weight recorded on 8 Apr. Also on 12 Aug., leaf dry weight and rhizome and root dry weight were higher than almost all the other dates. In addition, above-ground shoot counts and bud dry weights were higher on 26 Aug. than on 12 Aug. All this data indicates that in this study sometime after 12 Aug. and before 26 Aug., the asparagus crown was completely rejuvenated and ready for another cycle of harvesting.

Download Full-text

Inoculation studies of Juncus articulatus with Entorrhiza casparyana (Ustilaginales)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b83-211 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 61 (7) ◽

pp. 1959-1963 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Judith M. Fineran

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Weight Basis ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Waterlogged Soils ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Plant Galls

Teliospores of Entorrhiza casparyana from soil infected Juncus articulatus L. in well-drained and waterlogged soils under glasshouse conditions. After 3.5 months the maximum infection perplant was 2546 galls which weighed 1.2 g (or 18.5% of the root dry weight and 9.6% of the total dry weight of the plant). After 8.5 months the maximum infection per plant was 4267 galls which weighed 14.3 g (or 54.9% of the root dry weight and 29.7% of the total dry weight of the plant). Galls were relatively evenly distributed on the roots in well-drained soils but not in waterlogged soils. The effect on plant appearance and growth (measured on a dry weight basis after 3.5 months) was insignificant, explaining why infected plants are difficult to detect in the field.

Download Full-text

Mathematical Modelling of Allelopathy: IV. Assessment of Contributions of Competition and Allelopathy to Interference by Barley

Nonlinearity in Biology Toxicology Medicine ◽

10.2201/nonlin.003.02.003 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. nonlin.003.02.0 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

De Li Liu ◽

Min An ◽

I.R. Johnson ◽

J.V. Lovett

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Sinapis Alba ◽

Quantitative Model ◽

Test Plant ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Equivalent Amount ◽

Simple Mathematical Model ◽

White Mustard ◽

Equivalent Basis ◽

Total Dry Weight

One of the main challenges to the research on allelopathy is technically the separation of allelopathic effect from competition, and quantitatively, the assessment of the contribution of each component to overall interference. A simple mathematical model is proposed to calculate the contribution of allelopathy and competition to interference. As an example of applying the quantitative model to interference by barley ( Hordeum vulgare cv. Triumph), the approach used was an addition of allelopathic effect, by an equivalent amount, to the environment of the test plant (white mustard, Sinapis alba), rather than elimination of competition. Experiments were conducted in glasshouse to determine the magnitude of the contributions of allelopathy and competition to interference by barley. The leachates of living barley roots significantly reduced the total dry weight of white mustard. The model involved the calculation of adjusted densities to an equivalent basis for modelling the contribution of allelopathy and competition to total interference. The results showed that allelopathy contributed 40%, 37% and 43% to interference by barley at 6, 12 and 18 white mustard pot−1. The consistency in magnitude of the calculated contribution of allelopathic effect by barley across various densities of receiver plant suggested that the adjusted equivalent density is effective and that the model is able to assess the contribution of each component of interference regardless of the density of receiver plant.

Download Full-text

Day/Night Temperatures Influence Growth and Photosynthesis During Containerized Production of Selected Species of Helleborus (Hellebores)

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-28.3.179 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 179-186

Author(s):

Adam W. Lowder ◽

Helen T. Kraus ◽

Frank A. Blazich ◽

Stuart L. Warren

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Long Day ◽

Net Co2 Assimilation ◽

Top Dry Weight ◽

Maximum Root ◽

Total Dry Weight

Abstract Containerized seedlings of Helleborus foetidus L. (stinking hellebore), H. niger L. (Christmas rose), and H. ×hybridus L. (Lenten rose) were grown under long-day conditions in controlled-environment chambers for 95 days with 9-hr days of 14, 18, 22, 26, or 30C (57, 64, 72, 79, or 86F) in factorial combination with 15-hr nights of 10, 14, 18, 22, or 26C (50, 57, 64, 72, or 79F). Long-day conditions were provided by a 3-hr night interruption. Growth of each species responded differently to day and night temperatures. Calculated maximum root, top, and total dry weight, and leaf area of H. foetidus occurred with days/nights of 20/15, 18/13, 19/14, and 18/15C (68/59, 65/55, 66/57, and 65/59F), respectively. While night temperature (NT) had no effect on root:top ratio [RTR (root dry weight ÷ top dry weight)], RTR was greatest (0.65) with days of 22C (72F). Helleborus niger had calculated maximum root dry weight and total dry weight with days of 14C (57F) and nights of 16 and 13C (60 and 55F), respectively. Top growth of H. niger decreased linearly as NTs increased for days of 14 or 22C (57 or 72F). Day temperatures (DTs) had no effect on RTR, whereas RTR responded quadratically as NT increased with a calculated maximum RTR at nights of 19C (66F). Leaf area was maximized at days/nights of 14/10C (57/50F). At days of 22 or 26C (72 or 79F), top growth of H. ×hybridus responded quadratically as NT increased with maxima occurring at nights of 18 or 17C (64 or 63F). Root dry weight responded quadratically at days of 14, 22, or 26C (57, 72, or 79F) and calculated maxima occurred with nights of 18C (64F). At days of 22 or 26C (72 or 79F), there were quadratic responses in total dry weight with calculated maximum growth of H. ×hybridus at nights of 18 or 17C (64 or 63F), respectively. For days of 14, 22, or 30C (57, 72, or 86F), there were quadratic responses in RTR with greatest RTR calculated at nights of 15, 18, or 16C (59, 64, or 60F), respectively. There were quadratic responses at days of 22 or 26C (72 or 79F) for leaf area with calculated maxima at nights of 18 or 17C (64 or 63F), respectively. As DTs increased from 14 to 30C (57 to 86F) net CO2 assimilation (PN) of H. ×hybridus also increased linearly whereas increased NTs had no effect on PN. In contrast, stomatal conductance was not impacted by DT or NT.

Download Full-text

PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KOPI LIBERIKA TUNGKAL KOMPOSIT PADA BERBAGAI MEDIA TANAM

Jurnal Media Pertanian ◽

10.33087/jagro.v4i1.74 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Yulistiati Nengsih ◽

Yuza Defitri

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Quality Index ◽

Peat Soil ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Optimal Growth ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

River Sand ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Total Dry Weight

Good planting media is a medium that is able to provider water and nutrients is sufficient quantities for plant growth. This can be found on soils with good air conditioning, has a solid aggregate, good water holding ability and room for sufficient rooting. Proper use of media will provide optimal growth for the plants. This study aims to determine the best planting medium to support the growth of coffe seedling Liberika Tungkal Komposit. The research was conducted in the experimental garden Pijoan, University Batanghari Jambi. From March to May 2017. The research design in this experiment was planting medium with complete randomized environmental design (RAL). The treatment is : M0 = plant medium 100% peat soil, M1 = plant medium 100% ultisol soil, M2 = planting medium 50% untisol soil + 50% rice husk charcoal, M3 = planting medium 50% ultisol soil + 50% cocopeat, M4 = planting medium 50% ultisol soil + 50% river sand, M5 = planting medium 50% peat soil + 50% rice husk charcoal, M6 = planting medium 50% peat soil + 50% cocopeat, M7 = planting medium 50% peat soil + 50% river sand. Parameter observed were plant height, stem diameter, root length, crown dry weight, root dry weight, root canopy ratio, total dry weight, quality index, initial pH media and final pH media. The result showed that the ultisol 100% ultisol garden media gave the heighes seed growth value based on single parameter ie plant height, stem diameter, root lenght, crown dry weight, root dry weight, root canopy ratio, total dry weight, and initial media pH and treatment integrated quality index that indicates that the seed is most ready to be moved to the field.Keywords: nurseries, plantations, coffee AbstrakMedia tanam yang baik adalah media yang mampu menyediakan air dan unsur hara dalam jumlah cukup bagi pertumbuhan tanaman. Hal ini dapat ditemukan pada tanah dengan tata udara yang baik, mempunyai agregat mantap, kemampuan menahan air yang baik dan ruang untuk perakaran yang cukup.Penggunaan media yang tepat akan memberikan pertumbuhan yang optimal bagi tanaman. Percobaan bertujuan untuk mengetahui media tanam yang paling baik untuk menunjang pertumbuhan bibit kopi Liberika Tungkal Komposit. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Batanghari di Pijoan, Muaro Jambi. Percobaan dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai Mei 2017. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan lingkungan acak lengkap dan rancangan perlakuan media tanam (M) sebagai berikut: M0 = 100% gambut, M1= 100% tanah jenis ultisol, M2= 50% tanah jenis ultisol + 50% arang sekam padi, M3= 50% tanah jenis ultisol + 50% cocopeat, M4 = 50% tanah jenis ultisol + 50% pasir sungai, M5= 50% tanah gambut + 50% arang sekam padi, M6= 50% tanah gambut + 50% cocopeat, M7= 50% tanah gambut + 50% pasir sungai. Parameter yang diamati adalah pH awal dan pH akhir media, tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, panjang akar, bobot kering tajuk, bobot kering akar, nisbah tajuk akar, bobot kering total dan indek kualitas. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan media tanam 100% tanah jenis ultisol menghasilkan pertumbuhan bibit tertinggi berdasarkan parameter tunggal yaitu tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, panjang akar, bobot kering tajuk, bobot kering akar, nisbah tajuk akar, bobot kering total dan parameter terintegrasi yaitu indeks kualitas.Kata kunci: pembibitan, perkebunan, kopi

Download Full-text