Research on Thermal Protective Performance of Thermal Insulation and Flame-Retardant Protective Clothing

2013 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 607-612
Author(s):  
Fei Fei Li ◽  
Chun Qin Zheng ◽  
Guan Mei Qin ◽  
Xiao Hong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Standard Requirement ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Protective Performance

Thermal insulation and flame-retardant (TIFR) protective clothing, which has good thermal protective performance (TPP), could protect people from high-temperature or flame in casting industry, the petrochemical industry, fire industry and et al. That is, TIFR protective clothing must have certain function of slowing or restraining heat transmission, and insulating radiant heat and convection heat from high temperature heat source. The construction of TIFR protective clothing is being developed from single layer to multi-layer fabrics made by flame-retardant (FR) fibre. In this paper, based on TPP-206 tester, the TPP coefficient of single and multi-layer fabrics with flame-retardant were measured, and the TPP of TIFR protective clothing was analyzed. TPP coefficient of single fabrics included the FR viscose non-woven fabric do not meet the standard. That of all of multi-layer fabrics meet the standard requirement, and the FR viscose/wool blended fabric is not suitable for fire fighter. It is significant and the most observable effect to put the PTFE membrane between the outer layer and the insulating layer. It could improve the overall thermal protection performance.

scholarly journals Development of Industrial and Firefighter Protective Cloth of Base Fabric and Comparison of Fire Retardant Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Hoseung Ro ◽  
Hyunpil Hong ◽  
Jinwon Cho ◽  
Myuongsu Park
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Follow Up Studies ◽  
Protective Performance

To develop industrial and firefighter thermal protection cloth, 12 base fabrics were prepared from a combination of several types of sample, and their thermal performances were evaluated. Thermal performance comprises flame retardant capability, radiant protective performance, and thermal protective performance. Thermal protection performance has been assessed in accordance with ISO 15025, ISO 9151, ISO 6942, and ISO 17492. In this study, however, thermal protective performance was assessed only in accordance with ISO 15025. The results showed that Samples 1-6 satisfied the fire resistance criteria, whereas Samples 7-12 did not satisfy the fire resistance criteria. Additional thermal performance tests need to be conducted in follow-up studies.

The effects of moisture on the thermal protective performance of firefighter protective clothing under medium intensity radiant exposure

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 847-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Guowen Song ◽  
Haitao Ren ◽  
Juan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Outer Shell ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Degree Burn ◽  
Firefighter Protective Clothing ◽  
Protective Performance ◽  
Second Degree

Current firefighter protective clothing is composed of multilayer fabric systems. The outer shell fabrics inevitably become wet in the process of firefighters performing their duties, and sweat may also increase moisture in the inner layers of protective clothing. In this study, two kinds of outer shell fabrics (aramid IIIA fabric and aramid 1313 and flame-retardant viscose-blended fabric) and two kinds of thermal liner fabrics with different thicknesses were selected. Three wetness conditions were simulated for the outer shell fabric, thermal liner fabric and both fabrics together. A modified thermal protective performance (TPP) tester was applied to assess TPP provided by these wetted fabrics; in addition, second-degree skin burn time was predicted and absorbed energy indexes were calculated. The regression method was employed to create fitting curves for absorbed energy and second-degree burn time in different configurations and the Pearson correlation was established to analyze their relationship, in which the lowest R2 value could reach 0.9122 and p-values were all much less than 0.05. Performance results for both wet conditions indicated that outer shell moisture and a thicker thermal liner have a positive and increased negative effect, respectively, on fabric TPP. When the sample S-3-D (aramid 1313 and flame-retardant viscose-blended fabric, moisture barrier and the thin thermal liner) was both wetted in the outer shell and thermal liner, its second-degree burn time was improved by 12.8% over performance in dry conditions. These findings may have important applications for the design and manufacture of optimal protective performance clothing systems.

Effect of moisture content on thermal protective performance of fabric assemblies by a stored energy approach under flash exposure

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (16) ◽  
pp. 1847-1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Guowen Song ◽  
Yiming Gu ◽  
Haitao Ren ◽  
Juan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Outer Shell ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Thermal Hazards ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Degree Burn ◽  
Protective Performance ◽  
Flash Exposure ◽  
Second Degree

Firefighters wearing protective clothing perspire profusely in the process of performing their duties, and sweat increases moisture in the inner layers of multilayer protective clothing. Also, the outer shell fabrics inevitably become wet. In this study, two kinds of outer shell fabrics (aramid IIIA fabric and aramid 1313 and flame-retardant viscose-blended fabric) and three kinds of thermal liner fabrics with different thicknesses were selected. Two wetness conditions were investigated to simulate the sweating in thermal liner fabric with or without the wet outer shell fabric. A modified thermal protective performance (TPP) tester was employed to explore the effects of moisture and its distribution on stored thermal energy developed in six fabric systems and on TPP under flash exposure. Pearson correlations were established to analyze the relationships of the fabric systems’ thickness and second-degree burn time, and of absorbed energy and second-degree burn time in different configurations. The statistical analysis from these obtained data indicated that the thickness of fabric systems had no significant correlation for second-degree burn time ( p > 0.05), but the absorbed energy exhibited a strong relation (the lowest R2 value could reach 0.8070 and p-values were all much less than 0.05). Performance results for the wet thermal liner indicated that the negative impact on thermal protection reached the greatest degree in 15% wetness, but in some extreme situations (100% wetness), the performance was improved (the maximum increase can achieve 116.2% over performance in dry condition). However, the existing moisture in the outer shell showed a positive effect. These findings will enable the engineering of textile materials that achieve high performance protection from thermal hazards and give some guidance to firefighters during operations.

Research on Thermal Protection Performance of Multilayer Fabrics System of Fire Clothing

2014 ◽  
Vol 1004-1005 ◽  
pp. 1432-1436
Author(s):  
Liu Yang ◽  
Jian Zhong Yang ◽  
Long Li
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Multilayer Composite ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Fiber Composition ◽  
Protective Performance

This paper studies the fire taking multi-layer fabric thermal protection performance of the system, respectively from the single thermal protective performance of fabric and ten kinds of multilayer composite fabric through analyzing the thermal protective performance, The following conclusions: in terms of single flame retardant fabrics, for the same fabric fiber composition, the TPP value with the thickness of the fabric, square meter weight has significant positive correlation. Experimental results show that multi-layer combination of 8 # protective performance is best, flame retardant protective performance is the most suitable for fire-fighting suits fabrics.

Thermal protective performance of multilayer fire fighting fabric

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Hassan Mohammed Ali ◽  
Weidong Yu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Thermal Hazards ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Protective Performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate thermal protection provided by the fire fighting fabric systems with different layer under high-level thermal hazards with a typical temperature range of 800-1,000°C. The purpose of these fabric systems was to provide actual protection against burn injuries using garments worn by industrial workers, fire fighters and military personnel, etc. Design/methodology/approach – The fabric system was consist of glass with aluminum foil as an outer layer, non-woven basalt, non-woven glass fabric containing NaCl-MgCl2 and Galactitol phase change materials (PCM) which simulate multilayer fire fighter protective clothing system. Thermal protective performance tests were applied for thermal analysis and used as an attempt to quantify the insulating characteristics of fabrics under conditions of flash over temperature. The surface of fire fighting multilayer protective fabric has been characterized using the UV-Vis-NIR (ultraviolet-visible-near infrared) spectrophotometer Findings – The clothing shows good thermal insulation and high-temperature drop during flash over environment and avoid second degree burn. The current PCM obvious advantages such as the ability to work in high temperature, high efficiency a long period of practical performance. Originality/value – Using this design of composite multilayer technology incorporating two stages of PCM may provide people with better protection against the fire exposure and increasing the duration time which was estimated to be more than five minutes to prevent burn injuries.

scholarly journals Review: Radiation Heat Transfer Through Fire Fighter Protective Clothing

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawad Naeem ◽  
Adnan Ahmed Mazari ◽  
Antonin Havelka
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Fire Fighter ◽  
Radiation Heat ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Firefighter Protective Clothing ◽  
Protective Performance ◽  
Different Levels

A fire fighter garment is multilayer protective clothing with an outer shell, moisture barrier and thermal barrier, respectively. Fire fighters encounter different levels of radiant heat flux while performing their duties. This review study acknowledges the importance and performance of fire fighter protective clothing when subjected to a low level of radiation heat flux as well as the influence of air gaps and their respective position on the thermal insulation behaviour of multilayer protective clothing. Thermal insulation plays a vital role in the thermal comfort and protective performance of fire fighter protective clothing (FFPC). The main emphasis of this study was to analyse the performance of FFPC under different levels of radiant heat flux and how the exposure time of fire fighters can be enhanced before acquiring burn injuries. The preliminary portion of this study deals with the modes of heat transportation within textile fabrics, the mechanism of thermal equilibrium of the human body and the thermal protective performance of firefighter protective clothing. The middle  portion is concerned with thermal insulation and prediction of the physiological load of  FFPC. The last section deals with numerical models of heat transmission through firefighter protective clothing assemblies and possible utility of aerogels and Phase Change Materials  (PCMs) for enhancing the thermal protective performance of FFPC.

Assessment of thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing by a sweating manikin in low-level radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxiang Lei ◽  
Xiaoming Qian ◽  
Xianglong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
New Method ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Protective Performance ◽  
Changing Rate ◽  
Sweating Thermal Manikin

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing by a sweating manikin in low-level radiation. Design/methodology/approach A new method and a novel objective index based on measurements of the sweating thermal manikin are proposed to measure the thermal protection performance of firefighter’s clothing under low-level radiation exposure of 3.0 kW/m2. Finally, the effect of thermal insulation on thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing was analyzed. Findings The results reveal that the new index which used the changing rate of core temperature of the clothed manikin is a vital indicator of the thermal protection performance. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that there is a linear correlation between thermal protection performance of firefighter’s clothing and the thermal insulation. Originality/value A new method and a novel objective index are proposed to quantify the thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing in low-level radiation.

ZIRCONIA FIBERS AS A COMPONENT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMAL INSULATION (review)

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
V.G. Babashov ◽  
◽  
N.M. Varrik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Zirconium Oxide ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Precursor Solution ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Thermal Protection Systems ◽  
Insulation Materials ◽  
Protection Systems

Based on the analysis of recent publications of scientific and technical literature, data on the production of zirconium oxide fibers used for the manufacture of high-temperature thermal insulation materials are presented. Information is provided on various methods of obtaining zirconium oxide fibers (methods of impregnation of the template and molding of the mixture, sol-gel method of spinning a fiber-forming precursor solution), as well as on the technique of fiber molding (manual pulling, dry and wet spinning, blowing and electrospinning). The use of such fibers for the production of thermal insulation materials (felts, cords and blocks) instead of currently existing materials made of aluminum oxide-based fibers can significantly increase the operating temperatures of the thermal protection systems.

scholarly journals A categorization tool for fabric systems used in firefighters' clothing based on their thermal protective and thermo-physiological comfort performances

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (16) ◽  
pp. 3244-3259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Mandal ◽  
Simon Annaheim ◽  
Andre Capt ◽  
Jemma Greve ◽  
Martin Camenzind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Index ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Thermal Protective Clothing ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Fabric System ◽  
Protective Performance

Fabric systems used in firefighters' thermal protective clothing should offer optimal thermal protective and thermo-physiological comfort performances. However, fabric systems that have very high thermal protective performance have very low thermo-physiological comfort performance. As these performances are inversely related, a categorization tool based on these two performances can help to find the best balance between them. Thus, this study is aimed at developing a tool for categorizing fabric systems used in protective clothing. For this, a set of commercially available fabric systems were evaluated and categorized. The thermal protective and thermo-physiological comfort performances were measured by standard tests and indexed into a normalized scale between 0 (low performance) and 1 (high performance). The indices dataset was first divided into three clusters by using the k-means algorithm. Here, each cluster had a centroid representing a typical Thermal Protective Performance Index (TPPI) value and a typical Thermo-physiological Comfort Performance Index (TCPI) value. By using the ISO 11612:2015 and EN 469:2014 guidelines related to the TPPI requirements, the clustered fabric systems were divided into two groups: Group 1 (high thermal protective performance-based fabric systems) and Group 2 (low thermal protective performance-based fabric systems). The fabric systems in each of these TPPI groups were further categorized based on the typical TCPI values obtained from the k-means clustering algorithm. In this study, these categorized fabric systems showed either high or low thermal protective performance with low, medium, or high thermo-physiological comfort performance. Finally, a tool for using these categorized fabric systems was prepared and presented graphically. The allocations of the fabric systems within the categorization tool have been verified based on their properties (e.g., thermal resistance, weight, evaporative resistance) and construction parameters (e.g., woven, nonwoven, layers), which significantly affect the performance. In this way, we identified key characteristics among the categorized fabric systems which can be used to upgrade or develop high-performance fabric systems. Overall, the categorization tool developed in this study could help clothing manufacturers or textile engineers select and/or develop appropriate fabric systems with maximum thermal protective performance and thermo-physiological comfort performance. Thermal protective clothing manufactured using this type of newly developed fabric system could provide better occupational health and safety for firefighters.

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