Assessment of thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing by a sweating manikin in low-level radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxiang Lei ◽  
Xiaoming Qian ◽  
Xianglong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
New Method ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Protective Performance ◽  
Changing Rate ◽  
Sweating Thermal Manikin

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing by a sweating manikin in low-level radiation. Design/methodology/approach A new method and a novel objective index based on measurements of the sweating thermal manikin are proposed to measure the thermal protection performance of firefighter’s clothing under low-level radiation exposure of 3.0 kW/m2. Finally, the effect of thermal insulation on thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing was analyzed. Findings The results reveal that the new index which used the changing rate of core temperature of the clothed manikin is a vital indicator of the thermal protection performance. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that there is a linear correlation between thermal protection performance of firefighter’s clothing and the thermal insulation. Originality/value A new method and a novel objective index are proposed to quantify the thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing in low-level radiation.

Research on Thermal Protective Performance of Thermal Insulation and Flame-Retardant Protective Clothing

2013 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 607-612
Author(s):  
Fei Fei Li ◽  
Chun Qin Zheng ◽  
Guan Mei Qin ◽  
Xiao Hong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Standard Requirement ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Protective Performance

Thermal insulation and flame-retardant (TIFR) protective clothing, which has good thermal protective performance (TPP), could protect people from high-temperature or flame in casting industry, the petrochemical industry, fire industry and et al. That is, TIFR protective clothing must have certain function of slowing or restraining heat transmission, and insulating radiant heat and convection heat from high temperature heat source. The construction of TIFR protective clothing is being developed from single layer to multi-layer fabrics made by flame-retardant (FR) fibre. In this paper, based on TPP-206 tester, the TPP coefficient of single and multi-layer fabrics with flame-retardant were measured, and the TPP of TIFR protective clothing was analyzed. TPP coefficient of single fabrics included the FR viscose non-woven fabric do not meet the standard. That of all of multi-layer fabrics meet the standard requirement, and the FR viscose/wool blended fabric is not suitable for fire fighter. It is significant and the most observable effect to put the PTFE membrane between the outer layer and the insulating layer. It could improve the overall thermal protection performance.

Thermal protective performance of multilayer fire fighting fabric

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Hassan Mohammed Ali ◽  
Weidong Yu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Thermal Hazards ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Protective Performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate thermal protection provided by the fire fighting fabric systems with different layer under high-level thermal hazards with a typical temperature range of 800-1,000°C. The purpose of these fabric systems was to provide actual protection against burn injuries using garments worn by industrial workers, fire fighters and military personnel, etc. Design/methodology/approach – The fabric system was consist of glass with aluminum foil as an outer layer, non-woven basalt, non-woven glass fabric containing NaCl-MgCl2 and Galactitol phase change materials (PCM) which simulate multilayer fire fighter protective clothing system. Thermal protective performance tests were applied for thermal analysis and used as an attempt to quantify the insulating characteristics of fabrics under conditions of flash over temperature. The surface of fire fighting multilayer protective fabric has been characterized using the UV-Vis-NIR (ultraviolet-visible-near infrared) spectrophotometer Findings – The clothing shows good thermal insulation and high-temperature drop during flash over environment and avoid second degree burn. The current PCM obvious advantages such as the ability to work in high temperature, high efficiency a long period of practical performance. Originality/value – Using this design of composite multilayer technology incorporating two stages of PCM may provide people with better protection against the fire exposure and increasing the duration time which was estimated to be more than five minutes to prevent burn injuries.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Thermal Insulation and Abrasion Resistance of Heat Resistant Hydro-Entangled Nonwoven Batting Materials for Use in Firefighter Turnout Suit Thermal Liner Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 155892501100600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger L. Barker ◽  
Ryan C Heniford
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Aramid Fibers ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fiber Composition ◽  
Heat Resistant ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Protective Performance

This paper describes a study on heat resistant nonwoven batting materials used as components in the construction of thermal liners systems in firefighter turnout suits. It examines relationships between the fiber composition and construction of hydroentangled nonwoven battings and properties that can affect their performance when used in this application. Relationships between batting porosity, weight, thermal insulation, bulk and abrasion resistance are examined in hydroentangled constructions made with oxidized PAN, para-aramid and meta-aramid fibers. Correlations observed between the insulation of batting materials components and the thermal protective performance of integrated multilayered fabric systems used in firefighter turnout suits are described.

Thermal Protection Evaluation of Fire Fighter Ensembles Using a Flame Manikin Test System

2013 ◽  
Vol 821-822 ◽  
pp. 233-236
Author(s):  
Xiao Hui Li ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Test System ◽  
Dynamic Scene ◽  
Skin Burn ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Degree Burn ◽  
Flash Fire ◽  
New Type ◽  
Protective Performance

Objective and quantitative evaluation of garment thermal protective performance should be based on the simulation of human in actual thermal environments as realistic as possible. In this paper, by using a new type of flame manikin which can rotate and make different postures, the dynamic scene where a firefighter wearing fire protective ensembles rescue in the flash fire was simulated. The skin burn prediction result showed that the total burn percent suffered by the manikin was 7.76%, of which the 2nd degree burn and the 3rd degree burn was 5.12% and 2.64% respectively. This indicated that the firefighter ensembles exhibited relatively good thermal protective performance. It can provide enough protection for the firefighter in 8s dynamic exposure while more protection should be added to the head.

Evaluating Cold, Wind, and Moisture Protection of Different Coverings for Prehospital Maritime Transportation–A Thermal Manikin and Human Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 580-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi Jussila ◽  
Sirkka Rissanen ◽  
Kai Parkkola ◽  
Hannu Anttonen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Moisture Protection ◽  
Cold Wind

AbstractIntroductionPrehospital maritime transportation in northern areas sets high demands on hypothermia prevention. To prevent body cooling and hypothermia of seriously-ill or injured casualties during transportation, casualty coverings must provide adequate thermal insulation and protection against cold, wind, moisture, and water splashes.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the thermal protective properties of different types of casualty coverings and to evaluate which would be adequate for use under difficult maritime conditions (cold, high wind speed, and water splashes). In addition, the study evaluated the need for thermal protection of a casualty and verified the optimum system for maritime casualty transportation.MethodsThe study consisted of two parts: (1) the definition and comparison of the thermal protective properties of different casualty coverings in a laboratory; and (2) the evaluation of the chosen optimum protective covering for maritime prehospital transportation. The thermal insulations of ten different casualty coverings were measured according to the European standard for sleeping bags (EN 13537) using a thermal manikin in a climate chamber (-5°C) with wind speeds of 0.3 m/s and 4.0 m/s, and during moisture simulations. The second phase consisted of measurements of skin and core temperatures, air temperature, and relative humidity inside the clothing of four male test subjects during authentic maritime prehospital transportation in a partially-covered motor boat.ResultsWind (4 m/s) decreased the total thermal insulation of coverings by 11%-45%. The decrement of thermal insulation due to the added moisture inside the coverings was the lowest (approximately 22%-29%) when a waterproof reflective sheet inside blankets or bubble wrap was used, whereas vapor-tight rescue bags and bubble wrap provide the most protection against external water splashes. During authentic maritime transportation lasting 30 minutes, mean skin temperature decreased on average by 0.5°C when a windproof and water-resistant rescue bag was used over layered winter clothing.ConclusionThe selected optimum rescue bag consisted of insulating and water-resistant layers providing sufficient protection against cold, wind, and water splashes during prehospital transportation lasting 30 minutes in the uncovered portion of a motor boat. The minimum thermal insulation for safe maritime transportation (30 minutes) is 0.46 m2K/W at a temperature of -5°C and a wind speed of 10 m/s.JussilaK, RissanenS, ParkkolaK, AnttonenH. Evaluating cold, wind, and moisture protection of different coverings for prehospital maritime transportation–a thermal manikin and human study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-9.

scholarly journals The Influence of Spherical Nano-SiO2 Content on the Thermal Protection Performance of Thermal Insulation Ablation Resistant Coated Fabrics

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoyi Liu ◽  
Yuanjun Liu ◽  
Xiaoming Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Total Heat Flow ◽  
Residual Mass ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Coated Fabrics ◽  
Average Size ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Protective Performance

In the high temperatures experienced in fire, radiant heat accounts for 80% of the total heat flow; therefore, improving the radiation protection is the best way to enhance the thermal protective performance of thermal insulation ablation resistant coated fabrics. To achieve this goal, the coating process and the ingredients used were optimized, spherical nano-SiO2 and other particles were added, and thermal insulation ablation resistant coated fabrics with high radiant heat reflectivity were prepared. The influence of the spherical nano-SiO2 content on the thermal protection performance of the prepared coated fabrics was investigated. Research showed that (1) the radiant heat reflectivity of the prepared coated fabrics improves significantly with increasing content of spherical nano-SiO2; when the mass fraction of spherical nano-SiO2 is 15%, the reflectivity of coated fabrics is at its largest, and its average value was 74.30%. At present, the average size of grains in samples increased 1.9 times; (2) after adding the spherical nano-SiO2, the thermal stability of the thermal insulation ablation resistant coated fabrics is significantly improved; the residual mass is as high as 88.49% at 1200°C, which is 18.77% higher than the residual mass of the coated fabrics with no spherical nano-SiO2 added at the same temperature.

scholarly journals Development of Industrial and Firefighter Protective Cloth of Base Fabric and Comparison of Fire Retardant Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Hoseung Ro ◽  
Hyunpil Hong ◽  
Jinwon Cho ◽  
Myuongsu Park
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Follow Up Studies ◽  
Protective Performance

To develop industrial and firefighter thermal protection cloth, 12 base fabrics were prepared from a combination of several types of sample, and their thermal performances were evaluated. Thermal performance comprises flame retardant capability, radiant protective performance, and thermal protective performance. Thermal protection performance has been assessed in accordance with ISO 15025, ISO 9151, ISO 6942, and ISO 17492. In this study, however, thermal protective performance was assessed only in accordance with ISO 15025. The results showed that Samples 1-6 satisfied the fire resistance criteria, whereas Samples 7-12 did not satisfy the fire resistance criteria. Additional thermal performance tests need to be conducted in follow-up studies.

scholarly journals Thermal Properties of Special New Generation Personal Protective Clothing for Firefighters-Rescuers

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (80) ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
Marzena Rachwał ◽  
Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka ◽  
Tomasz Węsierski ◽  
Artur Ankowski ◽  
Magdalena Młynarczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Everyday Work ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Full Body

Every day, firefighters put their health and life at risk by saving people and their property not only during fires, but by being always ready during all kinds of unfortunate events. Therefore, they need special personal protective equipment, including protective clothing. The purpose of the study was to compare thermal properties of new (PROTON and SYRIUSZ) and old (US-03) personal protective clothing for firefighters. Measurements of thermal insulation (total, effective and local) were carried out using a full body shape thermal manikin Newton consisting of 34 segments, in which temperature and heat flux were controlled independently. Results of the total thermal insulation of the entire clothing reveal differences between all three models. The lowest values were noticed for the model PROTON with light and shorter jacket and the highest values of thermal insulation for the new model SYRIUSZ, indicating that this model protect the user against heat most effectively. New models of personal protective clothing for firefighters should be recommended for use in everyday work, because they are characterized by better parameters than the previous type of protective clothing, both in terms of thermal protection and mobility.

scholarly journals Investigating the Thermal-Protective Performance of Fire-Retardant Fabrics Considering Garment Aperture Structures Exposed to Flames

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3579
Author(s):  
Miao Tian ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Yiting Xiao ◽  
Yun Su ◽  
Xianghui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Thermal Aging ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Protective Performance

The application of fire-retardant fabrics is essential for providing thermal protective function of the garments. Appropriate clothing design are beneficial for preventing the wearers from skin burn injuries and heat strains simultaneously. The intention of this work was to investigate the effects of clothing ventilation designs on its thermal protective performance by bench-scale tests. Four boundary conditions were designed to simulate the garment aperture structures on fabric level. Tests of thermal shrinkage, mass loss and time-to-second-degree-burns were performed with and without air gap under three heat-flux levels for two kinds of inherently fire-retardant fabrics. The impacts of fabric type, heat-flux level, air gap and boundary condition were analyzed. The presence of a 6.4-mm air gap could improve thermal protective performance of the fabrics, however, the garment openings would decrease this positive effects. More severe thermal aging found for spaced test configuration indicated the importance of balancing the service life and thermal protective performance of the clothing. The findings of this study implied that the characteristics of fabric type, air gap, boundary condition, and their effects on fabric thermal aging should be considered during clothing ventilation designs, to balance the thermal protection and comfort of the protective gear.

Thermal properties of thermal insulation chambers

2020 ◽  
pp. 004051752096671
Author(s):  
Dubravko Rogale ◽  
Snježana Firšt Rogale ◽  
Goran Majstorović ◽  
Goran Čubrić
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Functional Dependencies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intelligent Clothing

The paper presents the investigation of thermal properties of thermal insulation chambers as an actuator in intelligent clothing, having the property of automatically adjusting the thermal protection level. The chambers are designed to vary their thickness based on the pressure of the inflated air in them. The pressure value measured in the thermal insulation chamber gives the microcomputer information on the thickness of the chamber. The paper presents the investigation of the functional dependencies of changes in the thickness of the chambers on the air pressure in them and the thermal resistance depending on the thickness of the thermal insulation chamber. Experimental thermal insulation chambers were made and integrated into an intelligent article of clothing and filled with air of 0–50 mbar, whereby chamber thicknesses of 0–25 mm were measured. Next, thermal resistance of 0.1876–0.5022 m2 k/W was measured on the thermal manikin. It was found that the ratio of thermal insulation of non-activated to maximally activated chambers was 1:2.7. Research has shown good results for the area where intelligent clothing can automatically adjust its thermal insulation properties. The technical systems described represent a suitable basis for experiments and scientific research during the introduction of intelligent clothing with active thermal protection into human life. The third-generation prototype shows very good properties from the aspect of automatic control of thermal protection in intelligent clothing. This forms the basis for further research. Cold protection has always been carried out by wearing garments with higher or lower thermal protection as well as wearing multiple layers of clothing. The conceptual starting point of the development of intelligent clothing is the development of an adaptive insulation layer with changeable thickness in the form of thermal insulation chambers filled with air. In this way, layered clothing as well as the use of several clothing layers can be avoided. Thus, one intelligent article of clothing regulating its thermal insulation properties can be used in a wide range of cold weather in the environment of the wearer.

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