Thermal protective performance of multilayer fire fighting fabric

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Hassan Mohammed Ali ◽  
Weidong Yu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Thermal Hazards ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Protective Performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate thermal protection provided by the fire fighting fabric systems with different layer under high-level thermal hazards with a typical temperature range of 800-1,000°C. The purpose of these fabric systems was to provide actual protection against burn injuries using garments worn by industrial workers, fire fighters and military personnel, etc. Design/methodology/approach – The fabric system was consist of glass with aluminum foil as an outer layer, non-woven basalt, non-woven glass fabric containing NaCl-MgCl2 and Galactitol phase change materials (PCM) which simulate multilayer fire fighter protective clothing system. Thermal protective performance tests were applied for thermal analysis and used as an attempt to quantify the insulating characteristics of fabrics under conditions of flash over temperature. The surface of fire fighting multilayer protective fabric has been characterized using the UV-Vis-NIR (ultraviolet-visible-near infrared) spectrophotometer Findings – The clothing shows good thermal insulation and high-temperature drop during flash over environment and avoid second degree burn. The current PCM obvious advantages such as the ability to work in high temperature, high efficiency a long period of practical performance. Originality/value – Using this design of composite multilayer technology incorporating two stages of PCM may provide people with better protection against the fire exposure and increasing the duration time which was estimated to be more than five minutes to prevent burn injuries.

Evaluation method for thermal protection of firefighters’ clothing in high-temperature and high-humidity condition

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Su ◽  
Yunyi Wang ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Thermal Hazards ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Humidity Condition ◽  
High Humidity Condition

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide the details of developments to researchers in test apparatus and evaluation methods to rate the thermal protective performance (TPP) of firefighters’ clothing under high-temperature and high-humidity condition. Design/methodology/approach – This review paper describes the influence laws of moisture on thermal protection and the moisture distribution in actual fire environment. Different evaluation methods used for assessing the effect of moisture on the TPP were investigated, with an emphasis on test devices, evaluation indexes as well as their relationship and limitations. Findings – The moisture from the ambient, clothing and human perspiration plays an important role in determining the TPP of firefighter protective clothing. It is obvious that research on moisture-driven heat transfer in firefighter’s clothing system are comparatively little, primarily focussing on pre-wetted methods of multi-layer fabric. Further studies should be conducted to develop more standardized moistening systems and improve the current calculation methods for evaluating the performance of protective clothing. New explorations for heat and moisture transfer mechanism in protective clothing should be investigated. Practical implications – Protective clothing is the efficient way to provide fire-fighting occupational safety. To accurately evaluate the TPP of protective clothing under high-temperature and high-humidity condition will help to optimize the clothing performance and choose the proper clothing for providing firefighters with the best protection under multiple thermal hazards. Originality/value – This paper is offered as a concise reference for scientific community further research in the area of the TPP evaluation methods under high-temperature and high-humidity condition.

Research on Thermal Protective Performance of Thermal Insulation and Flame-Retardant Protective Clothing

2013 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 607-612
Author(s):  
Fei Fei Li ◽  
Chun Qin Zheng ◽  
Guan Mei Qin ◽  
Xiao Hong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Standard Requirement ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Protective Performance

Thermal insulation and flame-retardant (TIFR) protective clothing, which has good thermal protective performance (TPP), could protect people from high-temperature or flame in casting industry, the petrochemical industry, fire industry and et al. That is, TIFR protective clothing must have certain function of slowing or restraining heat transmission, and insulating radiant heat and convection heat from high temperature heat source. The construction of TIFR protective clothing is being developed from single layer to multi-layer fabrics made by flame-retardant (FR) fibre. In this paper, based on TPP-206 tester, the TPP coefficient of single and multi-layer fabrics with flame-retardant were measured, and the TPP of TIFR protective clothing was analyzed. TPP coefficient of single fabrics included the FR viscose non-woven fabric do not meet the standard. That of all of multi-layer fabrics meet the standard requirement, and the FR viscose/wool blended fabric is not suitable for fire fighter. It is significant and the most observable effect to put the PTFE membrane between the outer layer and the insulating layer. It could improve the overall thermal protection performance.

Effect of moisture content on thermal protective performance of fabric assemblies by a stored energy approach under flash exposure

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (16) ◽  
pp. 1847-1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Guowen Song ◽  
Yiming Gu ◽  
Haitao Ren ◽  
Juan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Outer Shell ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Thermal Hazards ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Degree Burn ◽  
Protective Performance ◽  
Flash Exposure ◽  
Second Degree

Firefighters wearing protective clothing perspire profusely in the process of performing their duties, and sweat increases moisture in the inner layers of multilayer protective clothing. Also, the outer shell fabrics inevitably become wet. In this study, two kinds of outer shell fabrics (aramid IIIA fabric and aramid 1313 and flame-retardant viscose-blended fabric) and three kinds of thermal liner fabrics with different thicknesses were selected. Two wetness conditions were investigated to simulate the sweating in thermal liner fabric with or without the wet outer shell fabric. A modified thermal protective performance (TPP) tester was employed to explore the effects of moisture and its distribution on stored thermal energy developed in six fabric systems and on TPP under flash exposure. Pearson correlations were established to analyze the relationships of the fabric systems’ thickness and second-degree burn time, and of absorbed energy and second-degree burn time in different configurations. The statistical analysis from these obtained data indicated that the thickness of fabric systems had no significant correlation for second-degree burn time ( p > 0.05), but the absorbed energy exhibited a strong relation (the lowest R2 value could reach 0.8070 and p-values were all much less than 0.05). Performance results for the wet thermal liner indicated that the negative impact on thermal protection reached the greatest degree in 15% wetness, but in some extreme situations (100% wetness), the performance was improved (the maximum increase can achieve 116.2% over performance in dry condition). However, the existing moisture in the outer shell showed a positive effect. These findings will enable the engineering of textile materials that achieve high performance protection from thermal hazards and give some guidance to firefighters during operations.

Research on Thermal Protection Performance of Multilayer Fabrics System of Fire Clothing

2014 ◽  
Vol 1004-1005 ◽  
pp. 1432-1436
Author(s):  
Liu Yang ◽  
Jian Zhong Yang ◽  
Long Li
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Multilayer Composite ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Fiber Composition ◽  
Protective Performance

This paper studies the fire taking multi-layer fabric thermal protection performance of the system, respectively from the single thermal protective performance of fabric and ten kinds of multilayer composite fabric through analyzing the thermal protective performance, The following conclusions: in terms of single flame retardant fabrics, for the same fabric fiber composition, the TPP value with the thickness of the fabric, square meter weight has significant positive correlation. Experimental results show that multi-layer combination of 8 # protective performance is best, flame retardant protective performance is the most suitable for fire-fighting suits fabrics.

Assessment of thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing by a sweating manikin in low-level radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxiang Lei ◽  
Xiaoming Qian ◽  
Xianglong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
New Method ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Protective Performance ◽  
Changing Rate ◽  
Sweating Thermal Manikin

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing by a sweating manikin in low-level radiation. Design/methodology/approach A new method and a novel objective index based on measurements of the sweating thermal manikin are proposed to measure the thermal protection performance of firefighter’s clothing under low-level radiation exposure of 3.0 kW/m2. Finally, the effect of thermal insulation on thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing was analyzed. Findings The results reveal that the new index which used the changing rate of core temperature of the clothed manikin is a vital indicator of the thermal protection performance. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that there is a linear correlation between thermal protection performance of firefighter’s clothing and the thermal insulation. Originality/value A new method and a novel objective index are proposed to quantify the thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing in low-level radiation.

Thermal Protection Evaluation of Fire Fighter Ensembles Using a Flame Manikin Test System

2013 ◽  
Vol 821-822 ◽  
pp. 233-236
Author(s):  
Xiao Hui Li ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Test System ◽  
Dynamic Scene ◽  
Skin Burn ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Degree Burn ◽  
Flash Fire ◽  
New Type ◽  
Protective Performance

Objective and quantitative evaluation of garment thermal protective performance should be based on the simulation of human in actual thermal environments as realistic as possible. In this paper, by using a new type of flame manikin which can rotate and make different postures, the dynamic scene where a firefighter wearing fire protective ensembles rescue in the flash fire was simulated. The skin burn prediction result showed that the total burn percent suffered by the manikin was 7.76%, of which the 2nd degree burn and the 3rd degree burn was 5.12% and 2.64% respectively. This indicated that the firefighter ensembles exhibited relatively good thermal protective performance. It can provide enough protection for the firefighter in 8s dynamic exposure while more protection should be added to the head.

scholarly journals Development of Industrial and Firefighter Protective Cloth of Base Fabric and Comparison of Fire Retardant Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Hoseung Ro ◽  
Hyunpil Hong ◽  
Jinwon Cho ◽  
Myuongsu Park
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Follow Up Studies ◽  
Protective Performance

To develop industrial and firefighter thermal protection cloth, 12 base fabrics were prepared from a combination of several types of sample, and their thermal performances were evaluated. Thermal performance comprises flame retardant capability, radiant protective performance, and thermal protective performance. Thermal protection performance has been assessed in accordance with ISO 15025, ISO 9151, ISO 6942, and ISO 17492. In this study, however, thermal protective performance was assessed only in accordance with ISO 15025. The results showed that Samples 1-6 satisfied the fire resistance criteria, whereas Samples 7-12 did not satisfy the fire resistance criteria. Additional thermal performance tests need to be conducted in follow-up studies.

scholarly journals Investigating the Thermal-Protective Performance of Fire-Retardant Fabrics Considering Garment Aperture Structures Exposed to Flames

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3579
Author(s):  
Miao Tian ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Yiting Xiao ◽  
Yun Su ◽  
Xianghui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Thermal Aging ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Protective Performance

The application of fire-retardant fabrics is essential for providing thermal protective function of the garments. Appropriate clothing design are beneficial for preventing the wearers from skin burn injuries and heat strains simultaneously. The intention of this work was to investigate the effects of clothing ventilation designs on its thermal protective performance by bench-scale tests. Four boundary conditions were designed to simulate the garment aperture structures on fabric level. Tests of thermal shrinkage, mass loss and time-to-second-degree-burns were performed with and without air gap under three heat-flux levels for two kinds of inherently fire-retardant fabrics. The impacts of fabric type, heat-flux level, air gap and boundary condition were analyzed. The presence of a 6.4-mm air gap could improve thermal protective performance of the fabrics, however, the garment openings would decrease this positive effects. More severe thermal aging found for spaced test configuration indicated the importance of balancing the service life and thermal protective performance of the clothing. The findings of this study implied that the characteristics of fabric type, air gap, boundary condition, and their effects on fabric thermal aging should be considered during clothing ventilation designs, to balance the thermal protection and comfort of the protective gear.

The Influence of Matching Flameresistant Materials on the Thermal Protective Performance of Firefighter Uniform

2014 ◽  
Vol 1052 ◽  
pp. 547-554
Author(s):  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Yan Gao ◽  
Zhong Qiang Wang ◽  
Mei Tong ◽  
Jie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Aramid Fiber ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Notable Effect ◽  
Flash Fire ◽  
Protective Performance ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Supporting Structures ◽  
Main Material

Firefighter uniform made of various flame retardant materials is put as the object. Analyzing the thermal protective performance of different composite structures covering outer fabrics, lagging materials and comfortable layer materials, discuss the best combination of supporting structures. Adoption flash fire simulation, verify the integrated prevention ability of firefighter uniform. The matching of different levels has a significant impact on the thermal protective performance, first the outer layer, then comfortable layer and thermal protective coating. Although inherent fire resistant fiber for the main material of the outer fabric has better durability and thermal protective performance, the fire might experience obvious contraction which leads to embrittlements. For insulation flocculus, the ratio of aramid fiber 1313 and aramid fiber 1414 at 9:1 has excellent thermal insulation. For comfortable layer, inherent fire resistant fiber has no notable effect on the clothing’s overall thermal protection performance; the polysulfonamide fiber is a relative better choice.

Investigation of the Thermal Protective Performance of Shape Memory Fabric System: Effect of Moisture and Position of Shape Memory Alloy

2020 ◽  
pp. 0887302X2093707
Author(s):  
Yehu Lu ◽  
Lijun Wang ◽  
Jiazhen He ◽  
Pengjun Xu ◽  
Wenfang Song
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
System Effect ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Temperature Responsive ◽  
Effect Of Moisture ◽  
Fabric System ◽  
Sma Spring ◽  
Protective Performance

A prototype of temperature-responsive protective fabric assembly with shape memory alloy (SMA) spring was developed. The effect of moisture on the thermal protective performance of fabric was investigated under radiant heat exposure and hot surface contact. The thermal liner of fabric system was pretreated with moisture amount of 25%, 50%, and 100%. Meanwhile, the thermal protection of fabric assembly with SMA springs in different positions between the fabric layers was explored. The results showed that moisture above 25% had a positive influence on thermal protective performance of both traditional and SMA fabric assembly under two hazardous environments. The effect of moisture in SMA fabric assembly was more remarkable than that in fabric without spring. And the SMA spring located between thermal liner and moisture barrier provided better thermal protective performance. The research findings will be beneficial for manufacturing high-performance temperature-responsive fabric.

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