Choosing the Optimum Method of Treating the Ballast Water Onboard Ships

2013 ◽  
Vol 837 ◽  
pp. 727-732
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Acomi ◽  
Ovidiu Cristian Acomi ◽  
Alina Lucia Bostina ◽  
Aurel Bostina
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Ship Owner ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
The Cost

The transport of aquatic organisms from one place to another by ships ballast water has created substantial environmental impact on discharging areas. In order to avoid that, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) recommends treating the ballast water by different methods. The paper presents four methods of managing ballast water, accepted by the Organization: treating by filtration and irradiation with ultraviolet light, treating by de-oxygenation, treating with biocide and treating by heating. The comparative analysis of the treating technologies allows the ship-owner to choose such equipment by analyzing the advantages and the disadvantages. Considering that not only the quality parameters are important but also the cost, the study is completed by a mathematical model for calculation of unit cost for treating ballast water onboard. The purpose of this study is to develop an instrument for selecting the optimum method of ballast water treatment suitable for each type of vessel or voyage, so the ship-owners would be able to choose a treatment method comparing the costs, based on the specific requirements.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS INTO THE SELECTION OF A BALLAST WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

Transport ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Šateikienė ◽  
Jolanta Janutėnienė ◽  
Marijonas Bogdevičius ◽  
Rima Mickevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Equipment

Today, it is very important to select and install the optimal equipment for the treatment of ballast water in existing ships. Increasing cargo volumes demand for a greater number of ships for transportation and expanded navigation geography as well as result in increased amount of discharged ballast water. Consequently, sea water pollution is increasing and invasive microorganisms appear that the existing flora and fauna are unaccustomed to. In order to protect territorial waters from these invasive species, International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements have been implemented that regulate the quality parameters of discharged ballast water from ships. This problem has become particularly relevant for operational ships, in which ballast water treatment equipment and technical solutions had not been anticipated in the design stage. This article provides a comparative analysis of the treatment equipment of ballast water and the related technical parameters, in order to distinguish the most important equipment criteria. A Carrier, according to its technical characteristics, was analysed together with the water treatment method for operated bulk. An expert evaluation for the characteristics of the technical equipment was established.

Formation of disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment with ozone, chlorine, and peracetic acid: influence of water quality parameters

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amisha D. Shah ◽  
Zheng-Qian Liu ◽  
Elisabeth Salhi ◽  
Thomas Höfer ◽  
Barbara Werschkun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
By Products

Differences in water quality from freshwater to seawater alter disinfection by-product formation during disinfection of ballast waters.

scholarly journals Analysis of installing ballast water treatment equipment on bulk carriers

Transport ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-215
Author(s):  
Diana Šateikienė ◽  
Jolanta Janutėnienė ◽  
Jonas Čerka
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Bulk Carriers ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
Treatment Equipment

In order to protect the world from the invasive species of organisms the cleaning ballast water is required, in other words, discharged water must meet requirements posted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The paper provides a comparative analysis of ballast water treatment equipment and its technical parameters. The research has been performed to analyse and assess the effect of the introduced equipment on ship stability, including the effect of its weight, dimensions, performance, price and the efficacy of choice.

scholarly journals Cost Efficiency of Ballast Water Treatment Systems Based on Ultraviolet Irradiation and Electrochlorination

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Vorkapić ◽  
Radoslav Radonja ◽  
Damir Zec
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment Systems

Having come into effect, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments of 2004 requires ships to process their ballast water in accordance with specific standards. Different processing methods require different use of ship power, thus affecting fuel oil consumption, ships’ energy efficiency, and the ship economics in general. This paper presents the analysis and comparison of the economic viability of systems using two dominant ballast water treatment methods on merchant ships. The cost effectiveness of these methods, UV irradiation and electrochlorination, is compared to the standard efficiency of ballast water exchange using sequential flow method as a reference. The process efficiency is measured through fuel oil consumption on board. Taking into account possible variations in efficiency due to different designs and environmental constraints and assumptions, the findings are in favor of the electrochlorination method.

scholarly journals Application of Hydrocyclone and UV Radiation as a Ballast Water Treatment Method

1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Željko Kurtela ◽  
Pavao Komadina
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Hydrodynamic Forces ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Scientific Opinion

The ballast water exchange methods in open sea are, for the time being, the prevailing procedures accepted by shipowners. However, such methods do not guarantee full efficacy in elimination of allochthonous organisms. Besides, in some navigation zones, in particular in the closed seas, not even the criteria prescribed by international regulations can be fulfilled, i.e. the position of a ship exchanging ballast must be farther than 200Nm from the shore (alternatively 50Nm) at the sea depth exceeding 200m. Numerous research attempts on various treatment methods lead to the conclusion that there is still no scientific opinion on the final choice of methods for wide application on board. The treatment methods, such as hydrocyclone separation in the first stage and UV radiation in the second stage, stand a good chance for application on board. Advantages of such a combined method are in the very application of treatment that can be performed during all stages of ballast water treatment, i.e. loading ballast, voyage in ballast and discharging ballast. In closed seas and on shorter routes the operational advantages of hydrocyclone and UV radiation could be the prevailing factor for application. Within the research on the possible application of ballast water treatment by hydrocyclone and UV radiation, a pilot plant with hydrocyclone cluster and UV device was constructed. The research carried out on the pilot plant installed on board the m/v ‘’Naše more’’ proved the effectiveness of such ballast water treatment method and offered a new approach in using hydrocyclone for the inactivation of organisms by hydrodynamic forces. This approach has largely increased the efficacy of the device and a new method for utilization of hydrocyclone in ballast water treatment on board has been discovered. KEY WORDS: ballast water treatment, hydrocyclone, UV radiation, application of method, pilot plant, hydrodynamic forces

Modernization of Water Treatment System at Agricultural Enterprises Due to Introduction of Solar Energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
Alina A. Aleksandrova ◽  
Maksim S. Zhuzhin ◽  
Yuliya M. Dulepova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Solar Water Heater ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
The Cost

Energy saving today is an integral part of the development strategy of agricultural organizations. Considerable attention is paid to the modernization and automation of technological processes in agricultural enterprises, which can improve the quality of work and reduce the cost of production. The direction of modernization is to reduce the consumption of electric energy by improving the water treatment system in livestock complexes. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to determine the potential of solar energy used in the Nizhny Novgorod region and to determine the possibility of its use for water heating in livestock complexes and to consider the cost-effectiveness of using a device to heat water through solar energy. (Materials and methods) Authors used an improved algorithm of Pixer and Laszlo, applied in the NASA project «Surface meteorology and Energy», which allows to calculate the optimal angle of inclination of the device for heating water. (Results and discussion) Designed a mock-up of a livestock complex with a solar water heater installed on the roof, protected by patent for invention No. 2672656. A mathematical model was designed experimentally to predict the results of the plant operation in non-described modes. (Conclusions) The article reveales the optimal capacity of the circulation pump. Authors have created a mathematical model of the device that allows to predict the water heating in a certain period of time. The article presents the calculations on the energy and economic efficiency of using a solar water heater. An electric energy saving of about 30 percent, in the economic equivalent of 35 percent.

Marginal assessment of the cost and benefits of aphasia treatment: Evidence from community-based telerehabilitation treatment for aphasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1357633X2098277
Author(s):  
Molly Jacobs ◽  
Patrick M Briley ◽  
Heather Harris Wright ◽  
Charles Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Conduction Aphasia ◽  
Aphasia Treatment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction Few studies have reported information related to the cost-effectiveness of traditional face-to-face treatments for aphasia. The emergence and demand for telepractice approaches to aphasia treatment has resulted in an urgent need to understand the costs and cost-benefits of this approach. Methods Eighteen stroke survivors with aphasia completed community-based aphasia telerehabilitation treatment, utilizing the Language-Oriented Treatment (LOT) delivered via Webex videoconferencing program. Marginal benefits to treatment were calculated as the change in Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R) score pre- and post-treatment and marginal cost of treatment was calculated as the relationship between change in WAB-R aphasia quotient (AQ) and the average cost per treatment. Controlling for demographic variables, Bayesian estimation evaluated the primary contributors to WAB-R change and assessed cost-effectiveness of treatment by aphasia type. Results Thirteen out of 18 participants experienced significant improvement in WAB-R AQ following telerehabilitation delivered therapy. Compared to anomic aphasia (reference group), those with conduction aphasia had relatively similar levels of improvement whereas those with Broca’s aphasia had smaller improvement. Those with global aphasia had the largest improvement. Each one-point of improvement cost between US$89 and US$864 for those who improved (mean = US$200) depending on aphasia type/severity. Discussion Individuals with severe aphasia may have the greatest gains per unit cost from treatment. Both improvement magnitude and the cost per unit of improvement were driven by aphasia type, severity and race. Economies of scale to aphasia treatment–cost may be minimized by treating a variety of types of aphasia at various levels of severity.

scholarly journals A comparative Analysis of PV Cell Mathematical Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 1795 (1) ◽  
pp. 012042
Author(s):  
M. Rasheed ◽  
O. Y. Mohammed ◽  
S. Shihab ◽  
Aqeel Al-Adili
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Pv Cell
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