Effects of Smoke on Evacuation

2014 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 539-542
Author(s):  
Martin Lopušniak
Keyword(s):  
National Standards ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Evacuation Model

Smoke is often presents during a fire. It affects efficiency of evacuations in buildings. Slovakian national standards do not consider any fire products in evacuation calculations. The paper presents results of evacuation calculations with considerations of smoke. Calculations are done with the evacuation model buildingEXODUS on a hotel building. Results show that prolongation of evacuation time is up to 162%. Results show that the prolongation of evacuation time is up to 162 %, and also show the prolongation of evacuation time do not necessary depend on size, but on position of smoke.

Fast flow algorithm prioritizing the most time-consuming source point by using a multi-source evacuation model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfang Yang ◽  
Hao Lin ◽  
Junbiao Guan
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Single Source ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Source Point ◽  
The People ◽  
Flow Algorithm ◽  
Evacuation Model ◽  
Fast Flow ◽  
Capacity Constrained

In many public spaces (e.g. colleges and shopping malls), people are frequently distributed discretely, and thus, single-source evacuation, which means there’s only one point of origin, is not always a feasible solution. Hence, this paper discusses a multi-source evacuation model and algorithm, which are intended to evacuate all the people that are trapped within the minimum possible time. This study presents a fast flow algorithm to prioritize the most time-consuming source point under the constraint of route and exit capacity to reduce the evacuation time. This fast flow algorithm overcomes the deficiencies in the existing global optimization fast flow algorithm and capacity constrained route planner (CCRP) algorithm. For the fast flow algorithm, the first step is to determine the optimal solution to single-source evacuation and use the evacuation time of the most time-consuming source and exit gate set as the initial solution. The second step is to determine a multi-source evacuation solution by updating the lower limit of the current evacuation time and the exit gate set continually. The final step is to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the algorithm through comparison.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Evacuation Capacity of Parallel Double Running Stairs in Different Merging Form Based on Simulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia-zhong Zheng ◽  
Xue-ling Xie ◽  
Dan Tian ◽  
Jian-lan Zhou ◽  
Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Evacuation Model ◽  
Merging Behavior

In order to analyze the evacuation capacity of parallel double running stairs, a dozen stairs merging forms are set by investigation and statistics, and the improved agent-based evacuation model that considers the merging behavior is used to simulate the process of merging and evacuation in the stairs. The stairs evacuation capacity is related to the evacuation time and the robustness of stairs, and the evacuation time can be calculated by using the improved agent-based model based on computer simulation. The robustness of each merging form can be obtained according to the fluctuation degree of evacuation time under the different pedestrian flow. The evaluation model of stairs evacuation capacity is established by fusing the evacuation time and the robustness of stairs. Combined with the specific example to calculate the evacuation capacity of each stairs form, it is found that every merging form has different evacuation time and different robustness, and the evacuation time has not positive correlation with the robustness for the same form stairs. Meanwhile, the evacuation capacity of stairs is not related to the number of the floor entrances. Finally, the results show that the evacuation capacity of stairs is optimal when the floor entrances are close to out stairs in parallel double running stairs and suitable to the case where pedestrian flow and the change of pedestrian flow are large.

scholarly journals A Multistory Building Evacuation Model Based on Multiple-Factor Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Tanghong Wu ◽  
Gaofan Zhang ◽  
Zichuan Fan
Keyword(s):  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Emergency Evacuation ◽  
Multiple Factor Analysis ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Building Evacuation ◽  
Access Path ◽  
Multistory Building ◽  
Evacuation Model ◽  
Evacuation Routes

Emergency evacuation is an important issue in public security. To make a considerate plan, various situations are presented including blocking the accident area and letting the emergency access path available. In order to offer dynamic evacuation routes due to different circumstances, a multistory building evacuation model is proposed. Firstly, to analyse the patency of the building, an evacuation formula is applied after binary processing. The function of evacuation time and some other parameters is given by means of regression analysis. Secondly, the cellular automata (CA) algorithm was applied to illustrate the effect of the bottleneck. The response of evacuation time could be approximately optimized through calculating time step of the CA simulation. Finally, the value of maximum evacuation population density could be determined according to the analysis of CA simulation results, which was related to the switch state of the emergency channel. The emergency evacuation model was simulated by using the Louvre museum as an example. The results of the simulation presented some feasible evacuation routes in all kinds of situations. Furthermore, the functional relationship would also be given among evacuation time with the diversity of tourists, pedestrian density, and width of exits. It can give a different perspective that the multistory building evacuation model shows excellent adaptability to different circumstances.

The Influence of Evacuation Signs on Evacuation for Bad Visibility

2014 ◽  
Vol 472 ◽  
pp. 574-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Tao Chen ◽  
Peng Yang ◽  
Run Cang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Time Ratio ◽  
Pedestrian Evacuation ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Evacuation Model ◽  
Theoretical Results

In emergencies such as fire, pedestrian evacuation for bad visibility is significantly different to the evacuation for normal visibility. In the novel evacuation model, the strategies of pedestrian evacuation and the moving rules are proposed. Then the formulas of the evacuation time are achieved and the time ratio is 0.63. More, using the programming language, pedestrian evacuation is simulated and reproduced. The studies shows that the proposed evacuation model can well reflect the process of pedestrian evacuation; and the evacuation signs of reasonable design can significantly optimize the process. The calculation results also show that the ratio of evacuation time between considering evacuation signs and no evacuation signs is close to 0.63 that is the theoretical results.

Numerical Simulation Study on High-Rise Student Apartment Fire Evacuation

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 3011-3016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong An Jiang ◽  
Xiang Long Liu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Fire Evacuation ◽  
Evacuation Model

Aiming at the actual situation in case of high-rise student apartment fire, this paper sets an evacuation scene and evacuation parameters, applied BuildingExodus Evacuation Model software, and calculated the dynamic changes of evacuation time and evacuation amounts of people in each access of the building, which accords with the result of fire evacuation drill. It is concluded that it is reasonable and practicable using model software to simulate evacuation time for each floor, and the result can be a substantial reference for actual evacuation time in case of fire.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous cellular automata subway station personnel evacuation model based on cooperative behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Jie Zhuang ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Yongjiang He ◽  
Runze Song
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Field Model ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Formation Time ◽  
Subway Station ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Floor Field ◽  
Evacuation Model ◽  
Subway Stations

In order to study the influence of cooperative behavior in the evacuation process of subway station personnel, and considering the heterogeneity of evacuees, the heterogeneous cellular automata method is adopted to establish a human evacuation model of subway station under cooperative behavior based on the floor field model. In the research process, the evacuated persons are divided into two types, which are seeking cooperation and accepting cooperation. Then, the effects of different cooperative behavior probability ratios of seeking cooperative personnel on evacuation efficiency, evacuation process, and evacuation bottleneck are analyzed through simulation. The result shows that cooperative behavior can effectively improve evacuation efficiency of the subway station, but it is limited by cooperative probability and the proportion of people seeking cooperation; Cooperative behavior plays a role in the whole evacuation process, which is mainly reflected in the later stage of evacuation and will promote the gathering of evacuees. The higher the probability of cooperation, the shorter the evacuation bottleneck formation time, the duration, and overall evacuation time, which will help improve the emergency safety of subway stations.

Proposed evacuation safety index (ESI) for school buildings

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-328
Author(s):  
Jan Mae Nigos Cariño ◽  
Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Automata Theory ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Safety Index ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Evacuation Model ◽  
Evacuation Safety

Purpose Schools are vulnerable to strong-magnitude earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to develop a seismic evacuation safety index (ESI) to assess school’s safety as a function of the following parameters: means of egress, disaster preparedness and disaster response. Moreover, the study aims to simulate and study an evacuation model to estimate evacuation time for a realistic understanding of the evacuation processes. Design/methodology/approach The paper used a semi-quantitative risk assessment method in developing the ESI. This was used to evaluate schools and classify them according to their level of evacuation safety. To estimate the evacuation time of each school, cellular automata theory and static floor field were used. Findings The paper provides primary school stakeholders important parameters that they should consider in preparing pre-disaster plans to ensure safe evacuation of school children. Research limitations/implications ESI focuses only on the means of egress, disaster preparedness and disaster response as the contributing factors. The structural conditions of each school building and assessment of non-structural elements are not considered. Practical implications The ESI and the evacuation model can be used as a basis for evacuation planning and decision-making. This can help building owners and administrators in strengthening their disaster risk management plan by enforcing mitigating measures. Originality/value ESI is an original idea and fills the gap regarding the safe evacuation of school children especially during a major seismic event.

Optimization of Exit Design Based on Evacuation Model for Limited Visibility

2014 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 749-754
Author(s):  
Hai Tao Chen ◽  
Peng Yang ◽  
Run Cang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Time Ratio ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Evacuation Model ◽  
Update Rules ◽  
Limited Visibility

In this paper, the evacuation strategies and the update rules for limited visibility are proposed. The formulas on single exit, double exits and four exits for low pedestrian density are deduced and showed; and the time ratio is 1: 0.71: 0.56. The simulation results show that for normal visibility, the exit should be designed in the middle of wall, which results in the shortest evacuation time. So each exit is designed in the middle of wall. Moreover, in the different exit cases the evacuation can be simulated very well using the proposed model; and the time ratio on single exit, double exits and four exits is 1: 0.68: 0.57,which is close to the theory value 1: 0.71: 0.56. More, the evacuation evolution of different pedestrian number is studied; and the results show that if no jamming, the time ratios of different pedestrian number accord with the theory value 1: 0.71: 0.56 mainly, which proves the correctness of evacuation model and theory analysis.

scholarly journals A Stairs Evacuation Model Considering the Pedestrian Merging Flows

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Zhong Zheng ◽  
Dan Tian ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Chaoran Hu ◽  
Liyang Tong
Keyword(s):  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Output Rate ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Building Evacuation ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Evacuation Model ◽  
The Impact

Pedestrian merging flows are common in a stairs evacuation process, which involves complex interactions among pedestrians that substantially restrict the efficiency of the stairs evacuation process. Analyzing the pedestrian merging flows process and improving the efficiency of stairs evacuation are urgent and essential tasks. A novel simplified stairs evacuation model for simulating and analyzing the stairs evacuation process, which considers the impact of merging flows, is proposed in this process. The dynamic pedestrian output rate of a floor platform is calculated by the number of pedestrians on the floor platform. The merging ratio determined by the design size of stairs is adopted to determine the ratio between the stairs pedestrian flow and the floor pedestrian flow in the pedestrian output rate of the floor platform. To evaluate the stairs evacuation process is divided into three stages based on the pedestrian merging flows process, and the evacuation time at each stage is computed by the dynamic pedestrian output rate of the floor platform. The stairs evacuation capacity is calculated by the evacuation time and the number of pedestrians. A case study of a six-floor building evacuation is investigated, and the reliability and feasibility of the proposed model is verified. By establishing different merging ratios, the optimal merging ratio is obtained by comparing the evacuation capacities of different merging ratios, which provides a reference of stairs design for designers.

A Novel Three-Dimensional Cellular Automaton Evacuation Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 472 ◽  
pp. 550-554
Author(s):  
Jun Hu ◽  
Lei You ◽  
Juan Wei ◽  
Wen Qian Wu ◽  
Di Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Parameter ◽  
Calculation Formula ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Cellular Automation ◽  
Evacuation Model ◽  
Dimensional Condition ◽  
Moving Speed

In order to effectively reduce evacuation time of pedestrians in emergencies, a novel evacuation model is proposed based on the three-dimensional cellular automation. The model, according to Moore cellular structure, firstly defines location income and estimates evacuation time parameter, and then gives calculation formula for moving probability of pedestrians at next moment. Meanwhile, in combination with the degree of fear and moving speed, evacuation strategies and cellular evolution rules suited to the three-dimensional condition are raised. At last, by establishing simulation model, the article profoundly analyses key factors that affect evacuation time of pedestrians, and finds that the evacuation time shows a negative correlation with the exit width, but a positive correlation with pedestrian density. Appropriate increase of pedestrians fear degree is good for reducing the whole evacuation time.

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