Epoxidation of Palm Kernel Oil-Based Crude Oleic Acid

2014 ◽  
Vol 906 ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Jumain Jalil ◽  
Noorfazlida Mohamed ◽  
Siti Khatijah Jamaludin ◽  
Ayub M. Som ◽  
Ahmad Rafizan Mohamad Daud
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Renewable Natural Resources ◽  
Relative Conversion

Most vegetable oils have high content of unsaturated bond and can be converted into epoxidized fatty acids. These days, epoxidized vegetable oils are great concern as they are obtained from sustainable, renewable natural resources and are environmental friendly. The epoxidation of palm oleic acid was carried out by using in situ generated performic acid (HCOOOH) to produce epoxidized oleic acid. The degree of temperature, the molar ratio of formic acid or hydrogen peroxide and types of catalyst was considered. Epoxidation results were based on complete conversion oxirane, rate of epoxidation and stability of the oxirane. It was found that a maximum relative conversion oxirane (RCO) of epoxide is 88% at optimal condition.

Epoxidation of Vegetable Oils, Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Esters: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-422
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Lewandowski ◽  
Marlena Musik ◽  
Kornelia Malarczyk-Matusiak ◽  
Łukasz Sałaciński ◽  
Eugeniusz Milchert
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Acidic Catalysts ◽  
Acid Esters

A comprehensive review of recent existing methods of epoxidation of vegetable oils, unsaturated fatty acids and alkyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids has been presented. The importance of epoxidized vegetable oils and their applications in the production of polyols and polyurethanes was discussed. Interests of researchers have been mainly focused on the development of advantageous technological parameters of vegetable oils epoxidation. The epoxidations with peracetic acid or performic acid generated in situ were mainly performed in the presence of strongly acidic catalysts. The influence of process variables such as temperature, stirring speed, the molar ratio of carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide to the amount of ethylenic unsaturation, amount of catalyst and reaction time on the course of epoxidation has been investigated.

Application of Epoxy Resin for Improvement of the Banana Stem-Acoustic Panel

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Azril Riduan ◽  
Mohd Jumain Jalil ◽  
Intan Suhada Azmi ◽  
Afifudin Habulat ◽  
Danial Nuruddin Azlan Raofuddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Runge Kutta Method ◽  
To Come

Background: Greener epoxidation by using vegetable oil to create an eco-friendly epoxide is being studied because it is a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly commodity that is safer than non-renewable materials. The aim of this research is to come up with low-cost solutions for banana trunk acoustic panels with kinetic modelling of epoxy-based palm oil. Method: In this study, the epoxidation of palm oleic acid was carried out by in situ performic acid to produce epoxidized palm oleic acid. Results: Banana trunk acoustic panel was successfully innovated based on the performance when the epoxy was applied. Lastly, a mathematical model was developed by using the numerical integration of the 4th order Runge-Kutta method, and the results showed that there is a good agreement between the simulation and experimental data, which validates the kinetic model. Conclusion: Overall, the peracid mechanism was effective in producing a high yield of epoxy from palm oleic acid that is useful for the improvement of acoustic panels based on the banana trunk.

Supercritical enhancement for separation of lauric acid and oleic acid in palm kernel oil (PKO)

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Nik Norulaini ◽  
I.S. Md Zaidul ◽  
O. Anuar ◽  
A.K. Mohd. Omar
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

scholarly journals Degradation Oxirane Ring Kinetics of Epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil-Based Crude Oleic Acid

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Jumain Jalil ◽  
◽  
Siti Khatijah Jamaludin ◽  
Ahmad Rafizan Mohammad Daud ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Oxirane Ring ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Kinetics Of

Supercritical enhancement for separation of lauric acid and oleic acid in palm kernel oil (PKO)

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A Nik Norulaini ◽  
I.S Md Zaidul ◽  
O Anuar ◽  
A.K Mohd. Omar
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

scholarly journals Technological Parameters of Epoxidation of Sesame Oil with Performic Acid

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena Musik ◽  
Eugeniusz Milchert ◽  
Kornelia Malarczyk-Matusiak
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Oxirane Oxygen ◽  
Sesame Oil ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Independent Parameters ◽  
Relative Conversion

Abstract The course of epoxidation of sesame oil (SO) with performic acid formed „in situ” by the reaction of 30 wt% hydrogen peroxide and formic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid(VI) as a catalyst was studied. The most advantageous of the technological independent parameters of epoxidation are as follows: temperature 80°C, H2O2/ C=C 3.5:1, HCOOH/C=C 0.8:1, amount of catalyst as H2SO4/(H2O2+HCOOH) 1 wt%, stirring speed at least 700 rpm, reaction time 6 h. The iodine number (IN), epoxy number (EN), a relative conversion to oxirane (RCO) and oxirane oxygen content (EOe) were determined every hour during the reaction. Under optimal conditions the sesame oil conversion amounted to 90.7%, the selectivity of transformation to epoxidized sesame oil was equal to 93.2%, EN = 0.34 mol/100 g, IN = 0.04 mol/100 g oil (10.2 g/100 g oil), a relative conversion to oxirane RCO = 84.6%, and oxirane oxygen content of EOe = 5.5%.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Profile of African Elemi Fruit Pulp Oil Compared with Palm Kernel Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Kiin-Kabari ◽  
P. S. Umunna ◽  
S. Y. Giami
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
Kernel Oil

African elemi (Canarium schweinfurthii) fruit pulp oil was extracted and refined which yielded 39.5% oil. It was characterized for its physical, chemical, phytochemical properties and fatty acid profile in comparison with palm kernel oil (PKO). The result for physical properties revealed that there was no significant difference in the density, refractive index, and flash point of the oils. African elemi fruit pulp oil (AEO) had significantly (p>0.05) higher slip melting point and viscosity while significantly (p<0.05) lower smoke point and fire point. Chemical properties of the oils such as iodine, acid value, unsaponifiable matter and free fatty acids were significantly (p>0.05) higher in AEO with the values of 76.79 g/100 g, 0.94 mg KOH/g, 1.32 and 0.58%, respectively and significantly (p<0.05) lower in saponification and peroxide values, 155.47 mg KOH/g and 1.06 meq/kg, respectively compared to the values obtained for the PKO. Saturated fatty acid profile of AEO had the values of 9.44, 32.24 and 2.63% for myristic (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) while PKO had the values of 48.00, 16.20, 2.50 and 8.40% for lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0), respectively. The monounsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid (C18:1) 30.24% for AEO and 15.0% for PKO making oleic acid the highest occurring monounsaturated fatty acids present in AEO. Thus, lauric acid (C12:0) and linoleic (C18:2) was not dictated in AEO while gadoleic (C20:1) was not dictated in PKO. Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phytates and alkaloids had the values of 0.29, 0.33, 0.13, 0.13 and 0.74% for AEO and 0.32, 0.12, 0.24, 0.11 and 0.07% for PKO, respectively and all were within the acceptable limit of 3% for food products with respect to the phytochemical properties of the oils. The result for solid fat content - temperature profile revealed that PKO and AEO completely melted at 35 °C and 45 °C, respectively.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Assessment from Optimum Biodiesel Yield to Combustion Characteristics of Light Duty Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Kernel Oil Biodiesel and Fuel Additives

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4274
Author(s):  
Senthur Prabu Sabapathy ◽  
Asokan Morappur Ammasi ◽  
Esmail Khalife ◽  
Mohammad Kaveh ◽  
Mariusz Szymanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Yield Condition ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

Biodiesel is considered as a key prospective renewable energy source in India. Hence, a study was carried out for the improvement of palm kernel oil biodiesel production using a transesterification process at different molar ratios. This study comprehensively examined all aspects of biodiesel from optimum production to the effect of additives on its combustion behavior. The optimum yield condition was validated with the MINITAB-17 software and analyzed using the Taguchi method. Two different additives, 5% diethyl ether (DEE) and 2000 ppm Butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT), were also experimented. Engine experiments were conducted at constant speed (1500 rpm) and five different engine loads (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) on a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Heat release rate, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, engine emissions, such as CO, HC, NOx, and smoke opacity were analyzed. The maximum palm kernel oil (PKO) biodiesel yields, obtained at 55 °C, for the KOH and NaOH catalysts were 86.69% and 75.21% at the molar ratio of 6:1. B20BHT combustion showed 4.6% higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE). NOx emission was reduced by 19.4%, compared to the diesel fuel values. DEE resulted in higher CO and HC emissions compared to diesel fuel values by 39.2% and 7.6%, respectively, whereas smoke emission was improved by 11.5%.

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