The Effect of Ternary Catalyst Atomic Ratios (PtRuSn/C and PtRuNi/C) on Ethanol Electrooxidation for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Napha Sudachom ◽  
Chompunuch Warakulwit ◽  
Paweena Prapainainar
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Bond Breaking ◽  
Ethanol Electrooxidation ◽  
Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell ◽  
Maximum Current Density ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
High Maximum ◽  
Ternary Catalysts ◽  
Ternary Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Dispersion

The effect of the different metal atomic ratios deposited on Vulcan XC-72R on ethanol electrooxidation reaction were investigated by producing of the ternary catalysts (PtRuSn/C and PtRuNi/C) in various atomic ratios (75:20:5, 75:15:10, 75:10:15, 75:5:20). All catalysts were prepared via polyol process. The nominal atomic ratios of the metals on the support were confirmed by EDX-SEM. The cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrocatalytic activity of the catalysts. It was found that PtRuSn/C (75:10:15) showed the highest maximum current density of 3.25 mA/cm2 among all Sn containing catalysts. However, PtRuNi/C (75:5:20) also exhibited the high maximum current density of 2.66 mA/cm2 which was the maximum current density for Ni containing catalysts. Moreover, PtRuNi/C (75:5:20) exhibited the best activity and stability for ethanol electrooxidation reaction as showed in chronoamperometry tests. The current density at 3000 s was 0.54 mA/cm2. The size of the catalysts was about 1.9-3 nm measured by TEM. The catalyst also presented smaller particle size and better catalyst dispersion among all ternary catalysts. The addition of Sn facilitated the C-C bond breaking in molecule of ethanol while the addition of Ni facilitated better stability.

scholarly journals Computer-based Finite Element Modeling of Insulated Tuohy Needles Used in Regional Anesthesia

2009 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1229-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith B. Cantrell ◽  
Warren M. Grill ◽  
Stephen M. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Modeling ◽  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Modeling ◽  
Maximum Current Density ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Distal Edge ◽  
Computer Based

Background Differences in needle design may impact nerve localization. This study evaluates the electrical properties of two insulated Tuohy needles using computational finite element modeling. Methods Three-dimensional geometric computer-based models were created representing two 18-gauge, insulated Tuohy needles: (1) with an exposed metal tip and (2) with an insulated tip. The models were projected in simulated human tissue. Using finite element methodology, distributions of current-density were calculated. Voltages in the modeled medium were calculated, and activation patterns of a model nerve fiber around the tip of each needle were estimated using the activating function. Results Maximum current density on the exposed-tip needle occurred along the edge of the distal tip; the distal edge was 1.7 times larger than the side edges and 3.5 times larger than the proximal edge. Conversely, maximum current density occurred along the proximal edge of the insulated-tip Tuohy opening; the proximal edge was 1.9 times larger than the side edges of the opening and 3.5 times larger than the distal edge of the opening. Voltages generated by the exposed-tip needle were larger and had a wider spatial distribution than that of the insulated-tip needle, which restricted to the area immediately adjacent to the opening. Different changes in threshold were predicted to excite a nerve fiber as the needles were rotated or advanced toward the modeled nerve. Conclusions The needles displayed different asymmetric distributions of current density and positional effects on threshold. If this analysis is validated clinically, it may prove useful in testing stimulating needles before clinical application.

scholarly journals Enhancing Activity of Pd-Based/rGO Catalysts by Al-Si-Na Addition in Ethanol Electrooxidation in Alkaline Medium

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Minh Dang Nguyen ◽  
Lien Thi Tran ◽  
Quang Minh Nguyen ◽  
Thao Thi Nguyen ◽  
Thu Ha Thi Vu
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Pd Nanoparticles ◽  
Electrochemical Stability ◽  
Ethanol Electrooxidation ◽  
Peak Current Density ◽  
Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell ◽  
Reduced Graphene ◽  
The Stability

The article presents modified Pd-based catalysts supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO), used in the electrooxidation reaction of ethanol in alkaline medium. When NaBH4 reducing agent was used, the random presence of Na was found out. According to this result, Na was used as a promoter of Pd-based catalyst. Consequently, the Al-Si-Na addition not only assisted active phase Pd nanoparticles to disperse homogenously on graphene surport, but also contributed to increase catalytic activity in the reaction. This value, 16138 mA·mg−1Pd, is about 1.5 times higer than that of the catalyst modified by Al-Si. Moreover, the stability of the catalyst is enhanced more. The electrochemical stability of PASGN.N catalyst was relatively good: after 500 scanning cycles, the current density diminished 32% compared with the highest peak current density of the 15th cycle, which was chosen as a reference. These significant improvement results in electrooxidation of ethanol have opened up the high potential application of these catalysts in direct-ethanol fuel cell.

scholarly journals Pt-Amorphous Barium Aluminum Oxide/Carbon Catalysts for an Enhanced Methanol Electrooxidation Reaction

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 708
Author(s):  
Tzu Hsuan Chiang ◽  
Wan-Yu Hou ◽  
Jia-Wei Hsu ◽  
Yu-Si Chen
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Oxide ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Methanol Electrooxidation ◽  
Pt Catalyst ◽  
Thermal Method ◽  
Active Surface Area ◽  
Maximum Current Density ◽  
Maximum Current

A new type of amorphous barium aluminum oxide was synthesized using a polyol thermal method involving a mixture with Vulcan XC-72 carbon and supported with 20%Pt catalysts to enhance the activity of a methanol electrooxidation reaction (MOR). The maximum current density, electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of the obtained catalysts for MOR were determined. The MORs of barium aluminum oxide with different calcination temperatures and Ba and Al contact ratios were studied. The MOR of the uncalcined amorphous Ba0.5AlOx catalysts prepared with a mole ratio of 2/1 Ba/Al mixed with Vulcan XC-72 carbon and supported with 20%Pt catalyst (Pt-Ba0.5AlOx/C) was enhanced compared with that of 20%Pt-Al2O3/C and 20%Pt/C catalysts due to its obtained largest maximum current density of 3.89 mA/cm2 and the largest ECSA of 49.83 m2/g. Therefore, Pt-Ba0.5AlOx/C could provide a new pathway to achieve a sufficient electrical conductivity, and possible synergistic effects with other active components improved the catalytic activity and stability of the prepared catalyst in MOR.

scholarly journals Polarization Potential Has No Effect on Maximum Current Density Produced by Halotolerant Bioanodes

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel González-Muñoz ◽  
Xochitl Dominguez-Benetton ◽  
Jorge Domínguez-Maldonado ◽  
David Valdés-Lozano ◽  
Daniella Pacheco-Catalán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Polarization Potential ◽  
Maximum Current Density ◽  
Maximum Current

Preparation and Hydrogen Pumping Characteristics of BaCe0.8Y0.2O3-δ Thin Film

2004 ◽  
Vol 835 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Lee ◽  
B. J. Harder ◽  
C. Zuo ◽  
S. E. Dorris ◽  
U. Balachandran
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Maximum Current Density ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACTThin films of BaCe0.8Y0.2O3-δ (BCY) were prepared by colloidal spray deposition. Dense, crack-free BCY films having a grain size of 2–7 μm were successfully deposited on NiO/BCY substrates. Electrochemical hydrogen pumping with the BCY films showed that the maximum current density increased with temperature. The maximum current density was sensitive to the moisture in the cathode gas; the value obtained with a dry cathode gas was only half that with a wet cathode gas. A very high hydrogen-pumping current density of 3.4 A/cm2 was measured at 700°C with an applied voltage of 1.5 V.

scholarly journals Electrochemical Behaviour of Chalcopyrite in Chloride Solutions

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Beiza ◽  
Víctor Quezada ◽  
Evelyn Melo ◽  
Gonzalo Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Electrochemical Behaviour ◽  
Sweep Rate ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ferrous Ions ◽  
Maximum Current Density ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Copper Ores

Due to the depletion of oxidized copper ores, it necessitates the need to focus on metallurgical studies regarding sulphide copper ores, such as chalcopyrite. In this research, the electrochemical behaviour of chalcopyrite has been analysed under different conditions in order to identify the parameters necessary to increase the leaching rates. This was carried out through cyclic voltammetry tests at 1 mV/s using a pure chalcopyrite macro-electrode to evaluate the effect of scan rate, temperature, and the addition of chloride, cupric, and ferrous ions. Lastly, the feasibility of using seawater for chalcopyrite dissolution was investigated. An increase in the sweep rate and temperature proved to be beneficial in obtaining highest current densities at 10 mV/s and 50 °C. Further, an increase of chloride ions enhanced the current density values. The maximum current density obtained was 0.05 A/m2 at concentrations of 150 g/L of chloride. An increase in the concentration of cupric ions favoured the oxidation reaction of Fe (II) to Fe (III). Finally, the concentration of chloride ions present in seawater has been identified as favourable for chalcopyrite leaching.

An Integrated Maximum Current Density Approach for Noninvasive Detection of Myocardial Infarction

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Zhao ◽  
Shiqin Jiang ◽  
Yanhua Wu ◽  
Junjie Zhu ◽  
Dafang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Noninvasive Detection ◽  
Maximum Current Density ◽  
Maximum Current
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