Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting

2016 ◽  
Vol 704 ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kirchner ◽  
Burghardt Klöden ◽  
Thomas Weißgärber ◽  
Bernd Kieback ◽  
Achim Schoberth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Complex Geometries ◽  
Powder Bed ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
High Degree

Powder bed additive manufacturing of titanium components offers several advantages. The high freedom of design enables the fabrication of structurally optimized, lightweight parts. Complex geometries may serve additional functions. The use of additive manufacturing has the potential to revolutionize logistics by dramatically reducing lead time and enabling a high degree of customization. Manufacturing near net shape parts reduces the loss of expensive material.For the application in safety relevant parts certainty about static and fatigue strength is critical. A challenge arises from complex influences of built parameters, heat treatments and surface quality. Ti-6Al-4V specimen built by electron beam melting (EBM) were subjected to heat treatments adapted to various employment scenarios. The results of tensile and fatigue testing as well as crack propagation and fractography will be compared to titanium manufactured conventionally and by selective laser melting (SLM). The mechanical behavior will be correlated to the microstructural evolution caused by the heat treatments

scholarly journals A Review of Heat Treatments on Improving the Quality and Residual Stresses of the Ti–6Al–4V Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Óscar Teixeira ◽  
Francisco J. G. Silva ◽  
Luís P. Ferreira ◽  
Eleonora Atzeni
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
High Melting Point ◽  
High Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Beam Source ◽  
Powder Bed ◽  
Metallic Parts

Additive manufacturing (AM) can be seen as a disruptive process that builds complex components layer upon layer. Two of its distinct technologies are Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM), which are powder bed fusion processes that create metallic parts with the aid of a beam source. One of the most studied and manufactured superalloys in metal AM is the Ti–6Al–4V, which can be applied in the aerospace field due to its low density and high melting point, and in the biomedical area owing to its high corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility when in contact with tissues or bones of the human body. The research novelty of this work is the aggregation of all kinds of data from the last 20 years of investigation about Ti–6Al–4V parts manufactured via SLM and EBM, namely information related to residual stresses (RS), as well as the influence played by different heat treatments in reducing porosity and increasing mechanical properties. Throughout the report, it can be seen that the expected microstructure of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy is different in both manufacturing processes, mainly due to the distinct cooling rates. However, heat treatments can modify the microstructure, reduce RS, and increase the ductility, fatigue life, and hardness of the components. Furthermore, distinct post-treatments can induce compressive RS on the part’s surface, consequently enhancing the fatigue life.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Single Crystals through a µ-Helix Grain Selection Process during Electron Beam Metal Additive Manufacturing

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin R. Gotterbarm ◽  
Alexander M. Rausch ◽  
Carolin Körner
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Powder Bed ◽  
Grain Structures ◽  
Selective Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Columnar Grain ◽  
Metal Additive

Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM) is a powder bed-based additive manufacturing process for metals. As the electron beam can be moved inertia-free by electromagnetic lenses, the solidification conditions can be deliberately adjusted within the process. This enables control over the local solidification conditions. SEBM typically leads to columnar grain structures. Based on numerical simulation, we demonstrated how technical single crystals develop in IN718 by forcing the temperature gradient along a µ-Helix. The slope of the µ-Helix, i.e., the deviation of the thermal gradient from the build direction, determined the effectiveness of grain selection right up to single crystals.

scholarly journals Environmental assessment of the near-net-shape electrochemical metallisation process and the Kroll-electron beam melting process for titanium manufacture

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1952-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksei Dolganov ◽  
Matthew T. Bishop ◽  
Marco Tomatis ◽  
George Z. Chen ◽  
Di Hu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Manufacturing Technique ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
Electron Beam Melting Process

A comparative environmental assessment of a novel additive manufacturing technique against the established conventional route for titanium manufacture.

Enhancement of Low-Cycle Fatigue Performance From Tailored Microstructures Enabled by Electron Beam Melting Additive Manufacturing Technology

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Morton ◽  
Jorge Mireles ◽  
Heimdall Mendoza ◽  
Paola M. Cordero ◽  
Mark Benedict ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Additional Energy

Electron beam melting (EBM) additive manufacturing (AM) technology has allowed the layerwise fabrication of parts from metal powder precursor materials that are selectively melted using an electron beam. An advantage of EBM technology over conventional manufacturing processes has been the capability to change processing variables (e.g., beam current, beam speed, and beam focus) throughout part fabrication, enabling the processing of a wide variety of materials. In this research, additional scans were implemented in an attempt to promote grain coarsening through the added thermal energy. It is hypothesized that the additional energy caused coarsening of Ti-6Al-4V microstructure that has been shown to increase mechanical properties of as-fabricated parts as well as improve surface characteristics (e.g., reduced porosity). Fatigue testing was performed on an L-bracket using a loading configuration designed to cause failure at the corner (i.e., intersection of the two members) of the bracket. Results showed 22% fatigue life improvement from L-brackets with as-fabricated conditions to L-brackets with a graded microstructure resulting from the selective addition of thermal energy in the expected failure region. Three L-brackets were fabricated and exposed to a triple melt cycle (compared to the standard single melt cycle) during fabrication, machined to specific dimensions, and tested. Results for fatigue performance were within ∼1% of wrought L-brackets. The work from this research shows that new design procedures can be implemented for AM technologies that involve evaluation of stress concentration sites using finite element analysis and implementation of scanning strategies during fabrication that help improve performance by spatially adjusting thermal energy at potential failure sites or high stress regions.

scholarly journals Directionally-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Manufactured by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Selective Laser Melting (SLM)

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3603
Author(s):  
Tim Pasang ◽  
Benny Tavlovich ◽  
Omry Yannay ◽  
Ben Jakson ◽  
Mike Fry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Selective Laser Melting ◽  
Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
Plate Rolling

An investigation of mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V produced by additive manufacturing (AM) in the as-printed condition have been conducted and compared with wrought alloys. The AM samples were built by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM) in 0°, 45° and 90°—relative to horizontal direction. Similarly, the wrought samples were also cut and tested in the same directions relative to the plate rolling direction. The microstructures of the samples were significantly different on all samples. α′ martensite was observed on the SLM, acicular α on EBM and combination of both on the wrought alloy. EBM samples had higher surface roughness (Ra) compared with both SLM and wrought alloy. SLM samples were comparatively harder than wrought alloy and EBM. Tensile strength of the wrought alloy was higher in all directions except for 45°, where SLM samples showed higher strength than both EBM and wrought alloy on that direction. The ductility of the wrought alloy was consistently higher than both SLM and EBM indicated by clear necking feature on the wrought alloy samples. Dimples were observed on all fracture surfaces.

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