A Study of Wear Rate Estimation of Coatings by a Numerical Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 675-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Sen Yang ◽  
Wesley Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mathematical Method ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Ball On Disc

The paper reported using a mathematical model that simulated the wear volume in comparison to measurement by a ball-on-disc for deposited CrN films on tool steel (JIS SKD11). Three dimensional profile instruments were used to measure the wear scar trace for variations of numerical data of two dimensional profiles. By using numerical algorithms, the wear volume measurements of wear profiles are to save considerable time and economical. A new mathematical method is issued for determining wear volumes in this study. The estimated results were precisely fitted as compared with other calculations for three dimensional estimations of wear volumes.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional Capsular Volume Measurements in Multidirectional Shoulder Instability

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
Yong Cheol Jun ◽  
Young Lae Moon ◽  
Moustafa I Elsayed ◽  
Jae Hwan Lim ◽  
Dong Hyuk Cha
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Glenoid Surface ◽  
3D Software

BACKGROUND: In a previous study undertaken to quantify capsular volume in rotator cuff interval or axillary pouch, significant differences were found between controls and patients with instability. However, the results obtained were derived from two-dimensional cross sectional areas. In our study, we sought correlation between three-dimensional (3D) capsular volumes, as measured by magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA), and multidirectional instability (MDI) of the shoulder.METHODS: The MRAs of 21 patients with MDI of the shoulder and 16 control cases with no instability were retrospectively reviewed. Capsular areas determined by MRA were translated into 3D volumes using 3D software Mimics ver. 16 (Materilise, Leuven, Belgium), and glenoid surface area was measured in axial and coronal MRA views. Then, the ratio between capsular volume and glenoid surface area was calculated, and evaluated with control group.RESULTS: The ratio between 3D capsular volume and glenoid surface area was significantly increased in the MDI group (3.59 ± 0.83 cm³/cm²) compared to the control group (2.53 ± 0.62 cm³/cm²) (p < 0.01).CONCLUSIONS: From these results, we could support that capsular volume enlargement play an important role in MDI of the shoulder using volume measurement.

Experimental Alignment of a Spectrometer System Using Laser Diffraction

1981 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 564-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario A. Sainz ◽  
David M. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Simple Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Diffraction ◽  
Mechanical Alignment ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Feed System ◽  
Alignment Problem ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
Spectrometer System

A simple technique is described to facilitate precise three-dimensional alignment of a monochromator relative to a dimensionally fixed optical feed system. This technique uses diffraction of a He-Ne laser through the entrance slit of the monochromator. Diffraction pattern symmetry serves as a sensitive visual guide. Reduction of a three-dimensional alignment problem into a simpler two-dimensional one is achieved by the utilization of a “rail and rider” approach accompanied by systematic placement and mechanical alignment of components. Considerable time savings using this approach have been realized.

scholarly journals MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF MACROSEGREGATION IN INGOT CASTING

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
M. O. Assunção Jr ◽  
M. Vynnycky
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Ternary Alloys ◽  
Ingot Casting ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Computational Simulations ◽  
Macroscopic Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

The occurrence of macrosegregation in alloys produced by ingot casting can adversely affect the quality of the final product. Macrosegregation can be described as a severe variation on the macroscopic scale of the chemical species that compose the alloy, and the ability of computational simulations to predict such defects remains far from perfect. Therefore, this research focuses on the development of a two-dimensional mathematical model that - through computational simulations - could be applied to study and predict the formation of macrosegregation in the ingot casting of binary alloys. Once accomplished, this work can establish the framework to new studies that will tackle more advanced problems, e.g., for actual ingot geometries, three-dimensional models and industrially-important ternary alloys.

Analysis of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Simulation of the Disc Eddy Current Braking Device

2012 ◽  
Vol 516-517 ◽  
pp. 553-557
Author(s):  
Zhi Ding Ying ◽  
Yu Long Fang ◽  
Xin Fu Xu ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Yang Chu
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Eddy Current ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Electromagnetic Field Distribution ◽  
Braking Torque ◽  
Dimensional Simulation

To analyze the variation of electromagnetic field distribution, a mathematical model of the eddy current brake (ECB) is established and the two-dimensional simulation and three-dimensional simulation are comparatively analyzed. Then the curves of the braking torque of the ECB at different speeds are obtained by the simulations. The characteristics of two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulation of the electromagnetic field of the ECB are summarized by contrasted comparative curves between simulation date and test date. The analysis is helpful to optimizing the application of electromagnetism by using software.

scholarly journals Modeling the division of biological cells in the stage of metaphase on the ``Lomonosov-2' supercomputer

2018 ◽  
pp. 327-339
Author(s):  
М.А. Кривов ◽  
А.В. Зайцев ◽  
Ф.И. Атауллаханов ◽  
П.С. Иванов
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geometric Constraints ◽  
Biological Cell ◽  
Biological Cells ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Modified Model ◽  
Large Rotation ◽  
M Phase

Статья посвящена проблеме построения математической модели биологической клетки, описывающей процесс ее деления в рамках $M$-фазы. Рассмотрено предложенное авторами уточнение одной из известных моделей путем перехода с двумерного на трехмерный случай. Модифицированная модель реализована в виде универсального программного комплекса для моделирования деления клеток в стадиях прометафазы, метафазы и анафазы на локальных машинах и суперкомпьютерах. С его помощью на кластере ``Ломоносов-2'' изучено влияние размера активной области кинетохора на количество меротельных зацеплений в стадии метафазы. Показано, что наблюдаемая зависимость проявляется не столько из-за геометрических ограничений, как предполагалось ранее, сколько из-за больших углов разворота пар хромосом. This paper is devoted to the construction of a mathematical model for a biological cell to describe the process of its division during the $M$-phase. We propose a refinement for one of the well-known models by extending it from two-dimensional to three-dimensional case. The modified model is implemented as an universal software package for modeling the cell division in the stages of prometaphase, metaphase, and anaphase on workstations and supercomputers. Using this software and the ``Lomonosov-2'' supercomputer, we study the relation between the size of the kinetochore active area and the number of merotelic attachments in the metaphase. It is shown that the observed correlation is not a result of geometric constraints, as it was earlier assumed, but is an effect of large rotation angles of chromosome pairs.

Time-Linearized Quasi-3D Tone Noise Computations in Cascade Flows

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Boncinelli ◽  
Michele Marconcini ◽  
Francesco Poli ◽  
Andrea Arnone ◽  
Claudia Schipani
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Computational Domain ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Artificial Damping ◽  
Propagating Waves ◽  
Flutter Analysis ◽  
Dissipation Model

A time-linearized quasi-3D solver for flutter analysis in turbomachinery flows was modified in order to deal with incoming perturbations due to unsteady interactions with upstream/downstream rows. To do this, exact two-dimensional single-frequency non-reflecting boundary conditions of Giles were implemented at inlet/outlet boundaries. A matrix dissipation model was used to reduce the artificial damping of propagating waves in the computational domain. Various applications for both uniform and non-uniform steady mean flows are presented for cascade configurations of turbomachinery interest, and results are compared with quasi-analytical and numerical data available in literature. Analyses of preliminary results are promising for future applications to turbomachinery configurations and fully three-dimensional flows.

scholarly journals Vapour - Liquid Equilibrium Properties for Two- and Three-dimensional Lennard-Jones Fluids from Equations of State

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mulero ◽  
F. Cuadros ◽  
C. A. Faúndez
Keyword(s):  
Equations Of State ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Dimensional Case ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Liquid Equilibrium ◽  
Lennard Jones ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Coexistence Densities ◽  
Good Agreement

Vapour–liquid equilibrium properties for both three- and two-dimensional Lennard-Jones fluids were obtained using simple cubic-in-density equations of state proposed by the authors. Results were compared with those obtained by other workers from computer simulations and also with results given by other more complex semi-theoretical or semi-empirical equations of state. In the three-dimensional case good agreement is found for all properties and all temperatures. In the two-dimensional case only the coexistence densities were compared, producing good agreement for low temperatures only. The present work is the first to give numerical data for the vapour–liquid equilibrium properties of Lennard-Jones fluids calculated from equations of state.

scholarly journals The Mathematical Model of Coupling Calculation the Electromagnetic Field and Heats of End Zone Powerful Turbogenerator

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. Kensytskyi ◽  
D. I. Hvalin ◽  
K. O. Kobzar
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Shielding Effect ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Stator Core

A quasi-three-dimensional field mathematical model of the electromagnetic field and heat transfer processes in end zone of a powerful turbogenerator has been developed. A model is the intermediate version between two-dimensional and three-dimensional solutions and is based on the numeral calculations in transversal and longitudinal sections of turbogenerator, interconnected by a complex of boundary conditions. On the first stage, a two-dimensional field model of the electromagnetic field in transversal section of central zone of a turbogenerator is considered. Then, taking into account the field distribution in central part, the magnetic field in longitudinal section is simulated. In response to the symmetry of the machine along axial and radial directions, the calculation area of end zone is considered as a half of the rotor section along its axis and the section of the stator core tooth in the tangential direction (circumferentially). Having taken the distribution of electromagnetic parameters obtained in the load mode of the machine as the initial data, the thermal losses in the elements and nodes of the end zone are determined. As a result of solving the joint problem of calculating the electromagnetic field and heat exchange processes, the distribution of heating has been obtained not only on the surface, but also inside the structural parts of the end zone. In particular, it has been found that the maximum temperature of 97.3 °C takes place in the tooth area of the end package of the stator core. This is explained by the combined effect of the main radial field, the axial leakage flux of the frontal portions of the stator and rotor windings, as well as by the “buckling” of a portion of the main flux out of the air gap. In addition, the pressure plate shielding effect is the cause of local field concentration in the toothed zone of the end package. The presented model makes it possible as early as at the design stage to evaluate the efficiency of design solutions for the formation of the end zone of the turbogenerator stator for different load modes of the machine, including the modes of consumption of reactive power.

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