Evaluation of the Current Modulation Effect on the Cathodic Efficacy during Copper Electroplating in Alkaline Medium

2014 ◽  
Vol 805 ◽  
pp. 172-177
Author(s):  
Maico Taras da Cunha ◽  
Paulo Rogério Pinto Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Pulsed Current ◽  
Modulation Effect ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Cyanide Ion ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Copper Electroplating ◽  
Alkaline Baths

The main aim of this paper is to study copper ions electroplating, evaluating the cathodic current efficacy, from cyanide ion free alkaline baths, stabilized by different complexant agents for the Cu2+ions. The cathodic current efficacy was assessed through quartz microbalance measurements, employing different current modulations. Results revealed that the pulsed current application has great influence on the cathodic current efficacy during electroplating in the baths under study.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Absorption and Desorption in Steel by Electrolytic Charging

2006 ◽  
Vol 15-17 ◽  
pp. 816-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert Mertens ◽  
Lode Duprez ◽  
Bruno C. De Cooman ◽  
Marc Verhaege
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Hydrogen Absorption ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Hydrogen Desorption ◽  
Cathodic Current Density ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Charging Current ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Profound Insight

The presence of hydrogen in steel decreases its toughness and formability leading to hydrogen embrittlement. To understand the failure mechanisms of steel due to the presence of hydrogen, a profound insight in the hydrogen household of the steel is needed. This includes a study of the solubility, the diffusion and the trapping of hydrogen. Next, the absorption and desorption behavior during and after electrolytic charging must be well determined. This was investigated in this research for steels with various types of traps, e.g. dislocations, microcracks, grain boundaries and precipitates such as TiC and Ti4C2S2. The samples were cathodically charged at three different current densities: 0.8mA/cm2; 8.3mA/cm2 and 62.5mA/cm2. It was noticed that the cathodic current density used for hydrogen loading had a great influence on the results. Observation of the samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that at the highest current density major damage of the surface had occurred. Hence it was decided to study more systematically the influence of charging current density on the resulting surface aspect and on hydrogen absorption and desorption. The hydrogen charging kinetics, maximum hydrogen solubility and hydrogen desorption behavior have also been evaluated for the different current densities during charging.

Electroplating of Iron Films: Microstructural Effects of Alkaline Baths

2006 ◽  
Vol 514-516 ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey K. Poznyak ◽  
Vladislav V. Kharton ◽  
Jorge R. Frade ◽  
Mário G.S. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Iron Films ◽  
Faradaic Efficiency ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Microstructural Effects ◽  
Iron Deposits ◽  
Alkaline Baths

Several alkaline baths based on different complexing agents were examined for iron electroplating. The resultant films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that adherent and smooth iron coatings with uniform microstructure can be obtained using alkaline Fe (II) baths containing pyrophosphate and tartrate ions as complexing agents. The average grain size can be substantially decreased by glycine additions in the pyrophosphate bath. The faradaic efficiency in these electrolytes may achieve up to 40-50%. The tartrate-containing baths are characterized with a higher throwing power and an increased buffer capacity with respect to the pyrophosphate-based electrolytes. The resultant Fe coatings are single-phase, whilst substantial broadening of the XRD peaks indicates nano-scale grain size. The alkaline baths based on EDTA complexes of iron (III) give black dull iron deposits and are characterized by rather low cathodic current efficiencies, especially at low current densities.

Bis-(3-sodiumsulfopropyl disulfide) Decomposition with Cathodic Current Flowing in a Copper-Electroplating Bath

2010 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. H131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Hsi Lee ◽  
Chi-Cheng Hung ◽  
Shih-Chieh Chang ◽  
Ying-Lang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Copper Electroplating

Bath Additive and Current Density Effects on Copper Electroplating Fill of Cu Damascene Structures

1999 ◽  
Vol 564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Mikkola ◽  
Qing-Tang Jiang ◽  
Ronald Carpio ◽  
Brad Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Copper Electroplating ◽  
Electroplating Process ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Current Potential

AbstractCopper electroplating has become the leading technology for gap fill of damascene structures on advanced interconnects. A key to developing a robust electroplating process that produces deposits free of voids and seams is understanding the role of the additive components, i.e., levelers, brighteners and wetting agents, and their relative diffusion/adsorption characteristics. Additionally, obtaining insight about the cathodic current/potential relationship is critical for maximizing the effectiveness of the additive components.Our results indicate that bath additive composition and the plating parameters (plating pulse frequency, and current density play critical roles in the outcome of the Cu fill. SEM cross sectional analysis of timed partial electroplating fill studies show two types of fill, 1) conformal and 2) bottom-up. Conformal fill of features smaller than 0.25 μm with an aspect ratio (AR) of 4.0 tends to form seam voids in the center of the structure. These seam voids can lead to early electromigration failures. On the other hand, bottom-up fill leads to a void free Cu deposit within the feature.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Material Combined Copper Oxide with Graphene for an Oxygen Reduction Reaction in an Alkaline Medium

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiemei Yu ◽  
Taizhong Huang ◽  
Zhankun Jiang ◽  
Min Sun ◽  
Chengchun Tang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Cathodic Current Density ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
High Electron ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Onset Potential ◽  
Cuo Nps ◽  
Transmission Electron

In this work, an electrode material based on CuO nanoparticles (NPs)/graphene (G) is developed for ORR in alkaline medium. According to the characterization of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, CuO NPs are uniformly distributed on the wrinkled G sheets. The X-ray diffraction test reveals that the phase of CuO is monoclinic. The CuO/G hybrid electrode exhibits a positive onset potential (0.8 V), high cathodic current density (3.79 × 10−5 mA/cm2) and high electron transfer number (four-electron from O2 to H2O) for ORR in alkaline media. Compared with commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst, the CuO/G electrode also shows superior fuel durability. The high electrocatalytic activity and durability are attribute to the strong coupling between CuO NPs and G nanosheets.

Production and Characterization of Copper-Niobium Composite Electrocoatings

2014 ◽  
Vol 805 ◽  
pp. 184-189
Author(s):  
Alain Robin ◽  
Jorge Luiz Rosa ◽  
Messias Borges Silva
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Particle Concentration ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Particle Volume Fraction ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Cathodic Current Density ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Stirring Rate

Copper-niobium composite electrocoatings were obtained by co-electrodeposition in acidic copper sulfate bath containing suspended niobium particles. The amount of incorporated particles was evaluated using a Central Composite Design (CCD) with three factors of control (cathodic current density, stirring rate and particle concentration in the bath) at three levels each. A great influence of particle concentration was observed. The stirring rate also had influence but to a lower extent and the cathodic current density was the least significant factor. The combination, both cathodic current density and particle concentration at the highest levels and stirring rate at the lowest level, led to the highest amount of incorporated particles. The behavior was not linear between the high and low levels for all factors. The roughness of the composites was higher than the pure copper coatings and increased with increasing current density. The microhardness of the composite layers was higher than that of pure copper deposits obtained under the same conditions due to copper matrix grain refinement and increased with the increase of both current density and incorporated particle volume fraction.

Bath Additive and Current Density Effects on Copper Electroplating Fill of Cu Damascene Structures

1999 ◽  
Vol 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Mikkola ◽  
Qing-Tang Jiang ◽  
Ronald Carpio ◽  
Brad Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Copper Electroplating ◽  
Electroplating Process ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Current Potential

ABSTRACTCopper electroplating has become the leading technology for gap fill of damascene structures on advanced interconnects. A key to developing a robust electroplating process that produces deposits free of voids and seams is understanding the role of the additive components, i.e., levelers, brighteners and wetting agents, and their relative diffusion/adsorption characteristics. Additionally, obtaining insight about the cathodic current/potential relationship is critical for maximizing the effectiveness of the additive components.Our results indicate that bath additive composition and the plating parameters (plating pulse frequency, and current density) play critical roles in the outcome of the Cu fill. SEM cross sectional analysis of timed partial electroplating fill studies show two types of fill, 1) conformal and 2) bottom-up. Conformal fill of features smaller than 0.25 μm with an aspect ratio (AR) of 4.0 tends to form seam voids in the center of the structure. These seam voids can lead to early electromigration failures. On the other hand, bottom-up fill leads to a void free Cu deposit within the feature.

EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC ON COPPER ELECTROPLATING FROM THE NON-CYANIDE ALKALINE BATHS

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 1450057
Author(s):  
MINGGANG LI ◽  
SHUANGSHUANG HU ◽  
YEJIONG YANG ◽  
SHUHAN XU ◽  
XIXI ZHAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complexing Agent ◽  
Copper Films ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
Copper Electrodeposition ◽  
Cu Films ◽  
Copper Electroplating ◽  
Alkaline Baths ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nucleation And Growth Mechanism ◽  
Transient Measurements

Effects of the different ultrasonic powers on copper electrodeposition from non-cyanide alkaline baths by using pyrophosphate as complexing agent were investigated by different electrochemical methods. Cyclic voltammetry and current transient measurements were used to characterize the nucleation and growth mechanism. It is very obvious that the reduction potential moves to more positive one as the ultrasonic power increases. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and chronoamperometric method were used to study the relationship between the mass change and the deposition time. It was found that the current efficiency of electrolyte under 0, 60, 80 and 100 W is 91.95%, 92.14%, 89.25% and 96.11%, respectively measured by QCM measurements. The surface morphology of the electrodeposited Cu films is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphology of copper films electrodeposited under the power of 60 W and 80 W presents a compact surface and the grains are fine and uniform.

scholarly journals Study of Copper Electrodeposition in Alkaline Medium Using Pulsed Current

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maico T. Cunha ◽  
Julian Johann ◽  
Pedro Luiz G. C. Furumura ◽  
Paulo Rogério P. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Pulsed Current ◽  
Copper Electrodeposition

Electro-Crystallization of Antimony from Acidic and Alkaline Baths in Diaphragm-Less Cell

2013 ◽  
Vol 828 ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinmaya Kumar Sarangi ◽  
Ayonbala Baral ◽  
Jayasmita Panigrahi ◽  
Kali Sanjay ◽  
Tondepu Subbaiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Current Efficiency ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Antimony Concentration ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Alkaline Bath ◽  
Alkaline Baths ◽  
Acidic Bath

Studies based on electrocrystallization of antimony were carried out to evaluate the effects of current density and antimony concentration in the electrolytic bath on cathodic current efficiency, energy consumption, and quality of the deposits during electrowinning of antimony from Sb2O3-HCl and Sb2S3-NaOH systems. In acidic bath, current efficiency for electrodeposition of antimony increases with the increase in current density till 150 A/m2, beyond which it follows a trend of gradual diminution. On varying antimony concentration in the bath, current efficiency was found to improve significantly and the optimum antimony concentration in Sb2O3-HCl system was evaluated to be about 60 g/L. In alkaline bath, current efficiency was observed to be maximum at 50 A/m2and further, with the increase in current density it progressively decreases. However, energy consumption for electrowinning of antimony in both of the baths gradually increases with the increase in current density. At a current density less than 150 A/m2, alkaline bath was found to be more current efficient in comparison to the acidic bath. Crystallographic studies by XRD, imaging by optical microscopic technique and morphological studies by SEM were also carried out to differentiate antimony deposits obtained from acidic and alkaline baths.

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