Performance Evaluation of Anti-Ultraviolet Ageing Bitumen with Combined Modification Based on Dynamic Rheological Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 993 ◽  
pp. 1373-1381
Author(s):  
Xing Liu ◽  
Hong Yuan Xing ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Wei Fu ◽  
Wen Bo Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Property ◽  
Master Curve ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Uv Ageing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Frequency Sweep Test ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Double Hydroxide ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Rheological Test

Based on the rheological property master curve, a new definition of ageing index was proposed for styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) modified bitumen. The UV ageing resistance of the combined-modifier modified SBS bitumen was evaluated. Twelve different methods of combined modification were designed with three kinds of modifiers: ultraviolet absorber (Tinuvin 770), organic montmorillonite (OMMT) and layered double hydroxide (LDHs). With modified SBS bitumen, short-term ageing (TFOT) and laboratory ultraviolet ageing (UV) were performed. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was used to perform frequency sweep test on the samples before and after ageing. The rheological property master curve was obtained by fitting the constitutive model equation. Based on the rheological property master curve, a new definition ageing index was proposed for SBS bitumen to evaluate the modified bitumen with different combined-modifier. The results show that the ageing index could effectively evaluate the UV ageing resistance of SBS bitumen. The evaluation results show that the combined-modifier bitumen exhibits better anti-ultraviolet ageing effects than a single modifier. Among them, the combined-modifier modes of 0.3%Tinuvin770+5%OMMT and 0.6%Tinuvin770+2.5%LDHs performed.

A case for multiple views of function in design based on a common definition

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaresh Chakrabarti ◽  
V. Srinivasan ◽  
B.S.C. Ranjan ◽  
Udo Lindemann
Keyword(s):  
State Change ◽  
Multiple Views ◽  
System Environment ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractFunctions are important in designing. However, several issues hinder progress with the understanding and usage of functions: lack of a clear and overarching definition of function, lack of overall justifications for the inevitability of the multiple views of function, and scarcity of systematic attempts to relate these views with one another. To help resolve these, the objectives of this research are to propose a common definition of function that underlies the multiple views in literature and to identify and validate the views of function that are logically justified to be present in designing. Function is defined as a change intended by designers between two scenarios: before and after the introduction of the design. A framework is proposed that comprises the above definition of function and an empirically validated model of designing, extended generate, evaluate, modify, and select of state-change, and an action, part, phenomenon, input, organ, and effect model of causality (Known as GEMS of SAPPhIRE), comprising the views of activity, outcome, requirement–solution–information, and system–environment. The framework is used to identify the logically possible views of function in the context of designing and is validated by comparing these with the views of function in the literature. Describing the different views of function using the proposed framework should enable comparisons and determine relationships among the various views, leading to better understanding and usage of functions in designing.

Effect of styrene–butadiene–styrene content on the adhesion properties of bitumen before and after heat aging

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Zieliński
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Strength ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Styrene Content ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Steel Substrates ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

This article describes the effect of heat aging and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) content in bitumen on the adhesion properties of mastics (bitumen-filler mix) to concrete and steel substrates. Test results showed that the adhesion strength of bituminous mastics to concrete and steel substrates decreased as the SBS content increased. Bitumen types modified with 9%–12% of SBS, commonly used in waterproofing materials, showed an approximately three times weaker bond with concrete and steel substrates than the nonmodified equivalents. Results also showed that after heat aging, the adhesion strength of the nonmodified bitumen was always higher than that of the unheated bitumen modified with 9%–12% of SBS.

Preparation and characterization of lignin-layered double hydroxide/styrene-butadiene rubber composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 1308-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suo Xiao ◽  
Jianxiang Feng ◽  
Jin Zhu ◽  
Xi Wang ◽  
Chunwang Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Layered Double Hydroxide ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Double Hydroxide ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The modification of bitumen with styrene–butadiene–styrene, ethylene vinyl acetate and varying the amount of reactive ethylene terpolymer

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyfullah Keyf
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Softening Point ◽  
Elastic Recovery ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Penetration Index ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

In this article, 50/70 penetration grade TUPRAS bitumen was modified. Reactive elastomeric terpolymer (Elvaloy RET; DuPont Company), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymers were used in bitumen modification. Set hours of the tests were applied to samples taken from the obtained modified bitumen mixture. Varying amount of reactive ethylene terpolymer with weight ratios of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% were introduced to the mixture of raw bitumen with 1.0% SBS and 1.0% EVA. Penetration, penetration index, softening point, ductility and elastic recovery tests were performed with these modified bitumen and raw bitumen. The samples of raw bitumen and modified bitumens of 2.0% Elvaloy RET, 1.0% SBS and 1.0% EVA were investigated by means of IR spectroscopy. The raw bitumen was modified with SBS, EVA and RET, and it was determined that penetration and ductility values were decreased while penetration index, softening point and elastic recovery were increased. The purpose of this study is to research the improving properties of 50/70 penetration grade–modified bitumen used in highways of Turkey. The most important characteristics (such as softening point, penetration and % elastic recovery) of new polymer-modified bitumen (NPMB) containing 2.5% EVA, 1% RET and 1% SBS were compared with eight different types of polymer-modified bitumens in Turkey (TPMB). NPMB provided all required parameters (softening point, penetration and % elastic recovery) for five different types of TPMBs (TPMB 70-16, TPMB 70-22, TPMB 76-16, TPMB 76-22 and TPMB 82-16).

The Meaning of Pain and the Pain of Meaning: A Bio-Hermeneutical Inquiry

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 215-234
Author(s):  
Teodora Manea
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Main Approach ◽  
Memento Mori ◽  
Finding Meaning ◽  
Pace Of Life ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractMy main interest here is to look at pain as a sign of the body that something is wrong. I will argue that there is a meaning of pain before and after an illness is diagnosed. An illness contains its own semantic paradigm, but the pain before the diagnosis affects the pace of life, not only by limiting our interactions, but also as a struggle with its meaning and a reminder of mortality.My main approach is what I call bio-hermeneutics, an extension of medical hermeneutics branching out from the Continental hermeneutical tradition. As such, I will explore the connection between pain and language, temporality, dialectics, and ontology. Given the centrality of language in constructing the meaning of pain, my analysis is informed by the semantics (looking at pain metaphors), syntax (pain as incoherence), and pragmatics (pain as companion) of expressing pain.The last section explores the meaning of pain in connection with death, as memento mori. Revisiting an old definition of philosophy as melete thanatou, or ‘rehearsal of death’, I will reflect on the difficulty of finding meaning not only for pain, but also for death as cessation of all existential possibilities.

scholarly journals Use of Mini-CT Specimens for Fracture Toughness Characterization of Low Upper-Shelf Linde 80 Weld Before and After Irradiation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Master Curve ◽  
Collaborative Program ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Real Practice ◽  
Reactor Pressure ◽  
Good Agreement

Mini-CT specimens are becoming a highly popular geometry for use in reactor pressure vessel (RPV) community for direct measurement of fracture toughness in the transition region using the Master Curve methodology. In the present study, Mini-CT specimens were machined from previously tested Charpy specimens of the Midland low upper-shelf Linde 80 weld in both, unirradiated and irradiated conditions. The irradiated specimens have been characterized as part of a joint ORNL-EPRI-CRIEPI collaborative program. The Linde 80 weld was selected because it has been extensively characterized in the irradiated condition by conventional specimens, and because of the need to validate application of Mini-CT specimens for low upper-shelf materials — a more likely case for some irradiated materials of older generation RPVs. It is shown that the fracture toughness reference temperatures, To, derived from these Mini-CT specimens are in good agreement with To values previously recorded for this material in the unirradiated and irradiated conditions. However, this study indicates that in real practice it is highly advisable to use a much larger number of specimens than the minimum number prescribed in ASTM E1921.

scholarly journals ON CHILD’S RIGHTS BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Fioshin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Before And After ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Abuse Of Law

The article is devoted to the issues of the unborn child’s rights and the abuse of the rights of children born. Examples of various legal orders protecting the life of a child before birth are given. The issue of the need to protect unborn children in the national doctrine is analyzed. The author’s definition of abuse of law in family legal relations is proposed. The abuse of the right by the child is characterized.

Conclusions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Hodgkinson
Keyword(s):  
Capital City ◽  
High Status ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Status Goods ◽  
Royal City ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

This final chapter addresses the individual research questions posed in the Introduction (Chapter 1), in the light of the data and discussion presented in Chapters 2–7. According to the range of settlement types defined by Troy (see Section 1.1), Amarna and Gurob may be regarded as cities, with a less specialized character and the presence of both a royal court and temples. While Amarna was not long-lived, it was specifically founded as a capital city with a large amount of urban planning. Gurob was certainly occupied for a long period, before and after the New Kingdom. Although Malqata can be defined as a royal city, it does not fulfil Troy’s definition of a city in that it was only very short-lived and served the sole purpose of a location for the festivities in honour of Amenhotep III, for which reason it should most likely be regarded a specialized settlement. In conclusion, it can be said that the presence of high-status goods and evidence of their manufacture enhances a settlement’s status. On the one hand, it proves that a strong demand existed for these types of objects, most of which were not for everyday use, and therefore implies the presence of either a consuming elite or royal court. On the other hand, should no royal court be present, it indicates at least the settlement’s dependence on the favours of royal personages acting as recipients of high-status goods. The presence of such personages would also enhance the settlement’s status. Hence, a developed infrastructure, together with a well-managed system of redistribution, as observed in all three case-studies discussed in this book, may very well be a factor determining a high-status settlement, such as a royal city. It can be stated that the analyses of the archaeological material from Amarna, Gurob, and Malqata have been successful in highlighting several areas of intensive industrial activity despite some issues regarding the nature of the data (see Section 1.4.3). In addition, it has been possible to further define the locations in which most of the finished products were found and, probably, used.

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