Methodology of Comparative Studies on Air-Handling Units with Heat Recuperation

2015 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław Kozioł ◽  
Szymon Zacharski
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Effect ◽  
Air Handling Unit ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Air Handling Units ◽  
Heat Recuperation ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Near Future

The increasing prices of energy and the drive to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere observed in the recent years have contributed to the intensive development of research on how to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. The confirmations of the current trends are the formal and legal regulations of the European Union that require the buildings to be passive and “zero-energy” in the near future. The introduction of new elements helping one to save energy in the structure of a building requires their formal verification and the confirmation of their safety, effectiveness, and parameters crucial from the point of their application in residential buildings and offices. The authors present an original prototype of an innovative device and a methodology of conducting studies on air-handling units with heat recuperation used in passive and energy-saving buildings. They also discuss the structure and the modus operandi of the system that reconstructs the actual operating conditions of a tested object. The system was used for tests on the tightness of several air-handling units, which also aimed at the verification of their thermal efficiency and the effectiveness of the recuperation of humidity. Air-handling unit tests came from different manufacturers, and they all had the function of heat recuperation. The authors present the results of their investigations that enabled the assessment of the safety of the objects tested, and they also facilitated the comparison of their performance parameters deciding on the energy effect. The tests also formed the foundation for the verification of the developed research system.

Financial technologies in the field of retail payments: Current trends and perspectives in EU and Russia

2018 ◽  
pp. 48-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Trofimov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Systems Development ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Payment Card ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Retail Payments

The article analyzes tendencies of national payment systems development in the European Union and Russia: electronic and deposit money, bank cards, financial technologies in the field of retail payments. The author identifies factors that stimulate the development of cashless retail payments and the national payment card systems in the European Union, as well as the problems and prospects of this sector forming in Russia. Recommendations on the development of a competitive environment and financial technologies in the field of retail payments in Russia are proposed.

scholarly journals Bacterial Nanocellulose in Dentistry: Perspectives and Challenges

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Hélida Gomes de Oliveira Barud ◽  
Robson Rosa da Silva ◽  
Marco Antonio Costa Borges ◽  
Guillermo Raul Castro ◽  
Sidney José Lima Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Bacterial Nanocellulose ◽  
Artificial Blood ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Artificial Blood Vessels ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Dressing Materials

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural polymer that has fascinating attributes, such as biocompatibility, low cost, and ease of processing, being considered a very interesting biomaterial due to its options for moldability and combination. Thus, BC-based compounds (for example, BC/collagen, BC/gelatin, BC/fibroin, BC/chitosan, etc.) have improved properties and/or functionality, allowing for various biomedical applications, such as artificial blood vessels and microvessels, artificial skin, and wounds dressing among others. Despite the wide applicability in biomedicine and tissue engineering, there is a lack of updated scientific reports on applications related to dentistry, since BC has great potential for this. It has been used mainly in the regeneration of periodontal tissue, surgical dressings, intraoral wounds, and also in the regeneration of pulp tissue. This review describes the properties and advantages of some BC studies focused on dental and oral applications, including the design of implants, scaffolds, and wound-dressing materials, as well as carriers for drug delivery in dentistry. Aligned to the current trends and biotechnology evolutions, BC-based nanocomposites offer a great field to be explored and other novel features can be expected in relation to oral and bone tissue repair in the near future.

After Kalanke and Marschall: Affirming Affirmative Action

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 199-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fredman
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Reverse Discrimination ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Advocate General ◽  
Affirmative Action Policy ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Action Case

Is it legitimate to use discriminatory policies to achieve equality? As official support for reverse discrimination or affirmative action policies becomes more common among member states of the European Union, so does the potential for legal challenge. Yet no clear answer has yet been given by the European Court of Justice. The controversial European Court of Justice decision in Kalanke, striking down an affirmative action policy, was followed only two years later by that in Marschall, which signalled a significant change in approach to affirmative action policies. This change of attitude is likely to be tested in a variety of different ways in the near future. The next affirmative action case, Badeck, is now awaiting the opinion of the Advocate General, and a Swedish case is waiting in the wings. Both these cases are likely to take the Court into far stormier waters than those already traversed in Kalanke and Marschall.

scholarly journals Redefining cost-optimal nZEB levels for new residential buildings

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 03035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimo Simson ◽  
Endrik Arumägi ◽  
Kalle Kuusk ◽  
Jarek Kurnitski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Apartment Building ◽  
Detached House

In the member states of the European Union (EU), nearly-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) are becoming mandatory building practice in 2021. It is stated, that nZEB should be cost-optimal and the energy performance levels should be re-defined after every five years. We conducted cost-optimality analyses for two detached houses, one terraced house and one apartment building in Estonia. The analysis consisted on actual construction cost data collection based on bids of variable solutions for building envelope, air tightness, windows, heat supply systems and local renewable energy production options. For energy performance analysis we used dynamic simulation software IDA-ICE. To assess cost-effectiveness, we used Net Present Value (NPV) calculations with the assessment period of 30 years. The results for cost-optimal energy performance level for detached house with heated space of ~100 m2 was 79 kWh/(m2 a), for the larger house (~200 m2) 87 kWh/(m2 a), for terraced house with heated space of ~600 m2 71 kWh/(m2 a) and for the apartment building 103 kWh/(m2 a) of primary energy including all energy use with domestic appliances. Thus, the decrease in cost-optimal level in a five-year period was ~60% for the detached house and ~40% for the apartment building, corresponding to a shift in two EPC classes.

A Small Gas Turbine Plant for Cogeneration of Electricity, Thermal and Cooling Thermal Energy With an Absorption Unit

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio De Lucia ◽  
Carlo Lanfranchi ◽  
Antonio Matucci
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Two Stage

A cogeneration plant with a small gas turbine was installed in a pharmaceutical factory and instrumented for acquiring all the values necessary to appraise both its energetic and cost advantages. The plant was designed and built as a demonstrative project under a program for energy use improvement in industry, partially financed by the European Union. The system comprises as its main components: 1) a gas turbine cogeneration plant for production of power and thermal energy under the form of hot water, superheated water, and steam; 2) a two-stage absorption unit, fueled by the steam produced in the cogeneration plant, for production of cooling thermal energy. The plant was provided with an automatized control system for the acquisition of plant operating parameters. The large amount of data thus provided made it possible to compare the new plant, under actual operating conditions, with the previously existing cooling power station with compression units, and with a traditional power plant. This comparative analysis was based on measurements of the plant operating parameters over nine months, and made it possible to compare actual plant performance with that expected and ISO values. The analysis results reveal that gas turbine performance is greatly affected by part-load as well as ambient temperature conditions. Two-stage absorber performance, moreover, turned out to decrease sharply and more than expected in off-design operating conditions.

scholarly journals Resistance proportions for eight priority antibiotic-bacterium combinations in OECD, EU/EEA and G20 countries 2000 to 2030: a modelling study

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Cravo Oliveira Hashiguchi ◽  
Driss Ait Ouakrim ◽  
Michael Padget ◽  
Alessandro Cassini ◽  
Michele Cecchini
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Medical Spending ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Uncertainty Sets ◽  
If Current ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Selection Algorithms

Background Antimicrobial resistance is widely considered an urgent global health issue due to associated mortality and disability, societal and healthcare costs. Aim To estimate the past, current and projected future proportion of infections resistant to treatment for eight priority antibiotic-bacterium combinations from 2000 to 2030 for 52 countries. Methods We collated data from a variety of sources including ResistanceMap and World Bank. Feature selection algorithms and multiple imputation were used to produce a complete historical dataset. Forecasts were derived from an ensemble of three models: exponential smoothing, linear regression and random forest. The latter two were informed by projections of antibiotic consumption, out-of-pocket medical spending, populations aged 64 years and older and under 15 years and real gross domestic product. We incorporated three types of uncertainty, producing 150 estimates for each country-antibiotic-bacterium-year. Results Average resistance proportions across antibiotic-bacterium combinations could grow moderately from 17% to 18% within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; growth in 64% of uncertainty sets), from 18% to 19% in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA; growth in 87% of uncertainty sets) and from 29% to 31% in Group of Twenty (G20) countries (growth in 62% of uncertainty sets) between 2015 and 2030. There is broad heterogeneity in levels and rates of change across countries and antibiotic-bacterium combinations from 2000 to 2030. Conclusion If current trends continue, resistance proportions are projected to marginally increase in the coming years. The estimates indicate there is significant heterogeneity in resistance proportions across countries and antibiotic-bacterium combinations.

scholarly journals Yearly Cost Saving by Using Enthalpy Heat Exchanger During Cooling and Heating

2020 ◽  
Vol 328 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Kamil Križo ◽  
Andrej Kapjor ◽  
Martin Vantúch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Air Handling Unit ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Yearly Cost

Fresh air has to be constantly supplied to the building by air handling unit, where supplied air is mixed with inside air and optimal temperature, oxygen level is adjusted and level of dust and smoke is reduced. Supply air demand of the building is determined according to number of persons in the room, room area and regulations. Necessity of ventilation rely in supplying room with oxygen, cleaning the air, adjusting temperature and moisture and reduction of odours, gases, dust, bacteria and viruses. Achieving optimal properties of supply air creates huge portion of building energy consumption. To save energy during ventilation, standard air to air sensible heat exchangers are used. They purpose is to recover sensible heat from exhaust air and at the same time avoid contamination of supply air. Drawback of these types of exchangers is limit of recovering moisture, therefore huge portion of energy in form of latent heat is lost. On top of classical plate air to air heat exchanger, enthalpy heat exchanger allows to exchange latent as well as sensible heat [1].

scholarly journals Arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies in Europe: a review

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Depaquit ◽  
M Grandadam ◽  
F Fouque ◽  
PE Andry ◽  
C Peyrefitte
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Toscana Virus ◽  
Viral Isolation ◽  
Phlebotomine Sandflies ◽  
Mediterranean Europe ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Vectorial Competence

Phlebotomine sandflies are known to transmit leishmaniases, bacteria and viruses that affect humans and animals in many countries worldwide. These sandfly-borne viruses are mainly the Phlebovirus, the Vesiculovirus and the Orbivirus. Some of these viruses are associated with outbreaks or human cases in the Mediterranean Europe. In this paper, the viruses transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies in Europe (Toscana virus, Sicilian virus, sandfly fever Naples virus) are reviewed and their medical importance, geographical distribution, epidemiology and potential spreading discussed. Data on vertebrate reservoirs is sparse for sandfly fever viruses. The factor currently known to limit the spread of diseases is mainly the distribution areas of potential vectors. The distribution areas of the disease may not be restricted to the areas where they have been recorded but could be as wide as those of their vectors, that is to say Larroussius and P. papatasi mainly but not exclusively. Consequently, field work in form of viral isolation from sandflies and possible reservoirs as well as laboratory work to establish vectorial competence of colonised sandflies need to be encouraged in a near future, and epidemiological surveillance should be undertaken throughout the European Union.

Numerical Simulation of IAQ under Up-Suction Exhaust Hood in Commercial Kitchen

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 3228-3231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Hua Jiang ◽  
An Gui Li ◽  
Fa En Shi ◽  
Zhi Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Exhaust Hood ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Save Energy

For particular commercial kitchen, using CFD software to build model according to the actual operation condition uttermost, adopting the exhaust system of up-suction hood, the effect of exhaust airflow rate on working temperature,velocity,CO2 concentration at main site in commercial kitchen is studied. According to the common four calculation methods of airflow rate of exhaust hood, the simulation results shows 4.81 m3/s of exhaust system can realize eliminating harmful gas quickly and effectively, IAQ is good relatively. Based on of it, additional airflow rate can not improve emissions effect and operating conditions obviously, whereas it can be detrimental to save energy. The simulation results help design exhaust system.

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