Anticorrosion Protection of Welded Joints of Oil Pipelines

2018 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 1129-1133
Author(s):  
M.A. Ivanov ◽  
P.A. Danilkin ◽  
V.D. Kvashnin
Keyword(s):  
Welded Joints ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Polymer Coatings ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Oil Pipelines ◽  
Metal Properties ◽  
Protection Coating

Currently, a problem of destruction of field and interfiled pipelines is topical. One of effective ways to increase an operational reliability of pipes is to protect them with different coatings. To protect the inner surface of oil pipelines the polymer coatings are used which cover the full length except the end sections – zones of mounted welded joints. Oil companies are interested in development of a technology of metal coating applying to the end sections, which provides both reliability of protection system of inner surfaces of pipes, and workability and high speed of mounting of pipelines. This paper shows the analysis of protection methods of pipeline end sections. The tests of metallized coatings are held. We identified the significant shortcomings of metallized coatings. There is a held experiment on applying of corrosion resistant coating by surfacing. There are the calculated heating zones while the surfacing operation. We defined the minimum necessary length of section for applying the protection coating. A chemical analysis showed that the expected structure in a surfaced coating is an austenite with inclusions of ferrite and martensite. Metallographic research showed that the protection layer is fully melted with a base metal of a pipe and represents a homogeneous structure without pores and slag inclusions. Mechanical tests confirmed the compliance of pipe metal properties to the requirements of normative and technical standards.

A refusal to grant access to a grid within the provision of crude oil transfer services as an example of a prohibited abuse of a dominant position in the EU and Polish competition law

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Paweł SZYDŁO
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Effective Competition ◽  
Oil Pipelines ◽  
Transfer Services ◽  
The Eu

Aim: The paper discusses cases in which a refusal by an energy enterprise to connect other enterprises to the network is treated as a prohibited abuse of the enterprise's dominant position and, equally, will represent behavior prohibited by art. 12 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and by art. 9 par. 2 item 2 of the Competition and Consumer Protection Law as well as legal consequences of such refusal. It is important to pinpoint such cases since the EU sectoral regulation does not provide for obligating any undertakings which manage and operate oil pipelines to enter into contracts with other undertakings such as contracts on connecting into their network or contracts on providing crude oil transfer services. Conditions for accessing oil pipelines and selling their transfer capacities are determined by the owners of the networks: private oil companies in the countries across which the pipelines are routed. These conditions are not governed by the EU law.  Furthermore, the very obligation of connecting other entities to own network by energy undertakings operating in the oil transfer sector in Poland will only arise from generally applicable provisions of the Polish competition law.  Design / Research methods: The purpose of the paper has been reached by conducting a doctrinal analysis of relevant provisions of Polish and EU law and an analysis of guidelines issued by the EU governing bodies. Furthermore, the research included the functional analysis method which analyses how law works in practice. Conclusions / findings: The deliberations show that a refusal to access the network will be a manifestation of a prohibited abuse of a dominant position and will be a prohibited action always when the dominant's action is harmful in terms of the allocation effectiveness. It will be particularly harmful when delivery of goods or services objectively required for effective competition on a lower level market, a discriminatory refusal which leads to elimination of an effective competition on the consequent market, a refusal leading to unfair treatment of consumers and an unjustified refusal. Originality / value of the article: The paper discusses the prerequisites which trigger the obligation to connect entities to own network by energy undertakings operating in the oil transfer sector. The obligation has a material impact on the operations of the oil transmitting undertakings, in particular on those who dominate the market. The regulatory bodies in the competition sector may classify a refusal of access to own network by other enterprises as a prohibited abuse of the dominant position, exposing such undertakings to financial consequences.Implications of the research: The research results presented in the paper may be used in decisions issued by the President of the OCCP and in judgement of Polish civil courts and EU courts. This may cause a significant change in the approach to classifying prohibited practices to prohibited behavior which represent abuse of the dominant position. The deliberations may also prompt the Polish and EU legislator to continue works on the legislation.

Two-Phase Short Circuit in the Power Grid Powered by a Transformer with a Y/Δ-11 Winding Connection

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Aleksandr S. Serebryakov ◽  
Vladimir L. Osokin ◽  
Sergey A. Kapustkin
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Relay Protection ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Short Circuit Currents ◽  
Secondary Winding

The article describes main provisions and relations for calculating short-circuit currents and phase currents in a three-phase traction transformer with a star-triangle-11 connection of windings, which feeds two single-phase loads in AC traction networks with a nominal voltage of 25 kilovolts. These transformers provide power to the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex located along the railway line. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in substantiating theoretical equations for digital intelligent relay protection in two-phase short circuits. (Materials and methods) It was found that since the sum of instantaneous currents in each phase is zero, each phase of the transformer works independently. We found that this significantly simplifies the task of analyzing processes with a two-phase short circuit. In this case, the problem of calculating short-circuit currents in the traction network can be simplified by reducing it to the calculation of an ordinary electric circuit with three unknown currents. (Results and discussion) The article describes equations for calculating short-circuit resistances for one phase of the transformer when connecting the secondary winding as a star or a triangle. The currents in the phases of the transformer winding at short circuit for the star-triangle-11 and star-star-with-ground schemes are compared. It was found that when calculating short-circuit currents, there is no need to convert the secondary winding of the traction transformer from a triangle to a star. (Conclusions) It was found that the results of the research can be used in the transition of relay protection systems from electromagnetic relays to modern high-speed digital devices, which will increase the operational reliability of power supply systems for traction and non-traction power consumers.

Electric Current Pulse Welding of Titanium with 18-10 Stainless Steel

2009 ◽  
Vol 83-86 ◽  
pp. 1251-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Grigoryev ◽  
V.N. Bazanov
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Current Pulse ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Electric Current Pulse ◽  
Pulse Effect ◽  
Different Thickness

The purpose of the work was to determine the capabilities of the pulse effect of electric current and pressure to produce welded joints of various component parts of different thickness from 18-10 stainless steel and titanium. Application of electric current pulses on the surfaces of contacting metallic conductors leads to considerable changes in the surface structure. Depending on the initial state of the surfaces and parameters of the pulse effect this can result in melting without formation of joints, formation of a strong welded joint with characteristics no worse than those of welded metals, and in destruction of the contact zone. A combination of a short electric pulse with simultaneous application of mechanical pressure in the weld zone causes high-speed deformation of the contact zone. The process of joint formation itself does not cause any appreciable diffusion during welding. The greatest energy emission and the maximal heating occur on the contacting surfaces being welded with the passage of an electric current pulse through the welding zone. Simultaneously with intensive heating, and due to applied pressure, high-speed deformation of materials takes place and a strong welded joint is formed. Optimal parameters for the welding of titanium and 18-10 stainless steel have been determined on the basis of the tests conducted. Investigations into the welding of titanium and 18-10 stainless steel have shown that application of a short electric current pulse and pressure produces stronger welded joints composed of both similar and different metals of considerably different thickness.

eu Policy and Law Regarding Railways and the Environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-45
Author(s):  
Ludwig Krämer
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Transport Networks ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Railway Freight ◽  
Planning And Operation

For decades, railway issues were considered, in Europe, as being almost entirely in the responsibility of the Member States. This history is even reflected in the present eu approach on railway issues which has, as one of its political priorities, the objective to ensure the interoperability of national legal and technical standards all over the eu. The development of trans-European transport networks, the upcoming of high-speed transboundary trains and the internationalisation of railway freight transport which are of relative recent date, all contribute to the greater awareness of railway impacts on the environment. Policies can no longer promote railways with the argument that rail is the most environment-friendly means of transport, but are more and more obliged to take into consideration, during the planning and operation of railways, local, provincial and regional environmental concerns. The contribution passes in review the most relevant environmental concerns with regard to railways. After a short description of the regulatory frame, the different environmental aspects of railways – land use, nature conservation, noise, water, air pollution, and waste management – are discussed. Some concluding remarks follow.

Abstract TP250: Defining Technical Quality Standards for Mobile Telestroke Assessment: A Substudy of the Improving Treatment with Rapid Evaluation of Acute Stroke via Mobile Telemedicine (iTREAT) Mobile Telestroke Platform

Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M Lippman ◽  
Zachary G Sutton ◽  
Timothy L McMurry ◽  
Brian Gunnell ◽  
Jack Cote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stroke ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Video Quality ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Acute Stroke Care ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Transmission Quality

Introduction: In-ambulance use of remote videoconferencing for prehospital stroke assessment (mobile telestroke) is an emerging innovation in acute stroke care. As a new technology, there is a dearth of technical standards to ensure transmission quality and guide deployment in various EMS settings. Hypothesis: Subjective video quality ratings during in-vehicle mobile telestroke assessment correlate to objective video data transmission metrics. Methods: We performed videoconferencing via a low-cost, utilitarian mobile telestroke platform: tablet endpoint, high-speed 4G LTE modem, external antennae, HIPAA-secure videoconferencing application, and portable bracket mounting. We held test calls along typical ambulance routes recording transmission quality by a stationary and a mobile rater. We used a standardized 6-point scale of video quality: rating ≥ 4 deemed acceptable for mobile telestroke assessment. We recorded jitter, the variance in transmission data reception order, as simultaneously reported by the videoconferencing application. Results: We completed five test runs yielding 64 data ratings. Average jitter for ratings 1 through 6 was 434.9ms (SD = 407), 106.1ms (SD = 110), 41.4ms (SD = 29), 35.3ms (SD = 15), 29.5ms (SD = 6), and 29.0ms (SD = 2) respectively. Analyzing the raw data yielded an R2 of 0.41. As seen in Chart 1, video quality decreased as average jitter increased, but jitter values as low as 30ms were still seen across video transmission of all qualities. Conclusion: These preliminary data suggest modest correlation of transmission variance with subjective quality ratings using a low-cost mobile telestroke platform along rural-based ambulance routes. However, average transmission variance correlated highly (R2 = 0.93) suggesting more data ratings may improve the correlation. Testing of our mobile telestroke platform to assess performance and clinical efficacy as well as incorporate live acute stroke encounters is ongoing.

Features of ultrasonic control of butt welded joints of polyethylene pipes

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
N.P. Aleshin ◽  
D.M. Kozlov ◽  
L.YU. Mogilner
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Ultrasonic Testing ◽  
Ultrasonic Inspection ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Ultrasonic Control ◽  
Lack Of Fusion ◽  
Polyethylene Pipes ◽  
End To End

The reliability of ultrasonic testing (UT) of the quality of welded joints of polyethylene pipelines, made end-to-end with a heated tool, is considered in comparison with mechanical tests and radiography. The greatest detection of solid defects is provided by ultrasonic inspection with the use of chord tipe probes (not less than 90 %). When detecting defects translucent for ultrasound (lack of penetration, lack of fusion, etc.), the reliability decreases to 70÷80 %. Keywords: welding, polyethylene pipeline, quality control, ultrasonic testing, chord tipe probe. [email protected]

scholarly journals Environment pollution: The rise of militarism and terrorism in the Niger Delta of Nigeria

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Christian Madubuko
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The People ◽  
Oil Pipelines ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Receive

Oil was discovered in large quantities in Nigeria in 1956 and exploration began in the same year. Before oil, agriculture and fishing had assured the Niger Delta people of a bright future. Since 1956, oil has been extracted from the Niger Delta with destructive consequences on the environment, bringing about environmental degradation and destruction of the people’s primary means of livelihood. Land and water were badly polluted, and the health of the people affected because of leaks from oil pipelines, gas flaring and acid rains. Several petitions and non-violent protests by Delta communities, women and youth against environmental destruction failed to receive attention. Rather, opposition to peaceful protests earned the people military invasions of their communities, clampdowns and jailings. The rise of militarism and terrorism in the Niger Delta was the result of the Federal Government and Oil Companies’ clampdown on non-violent protests for environmental justice in the Niger Delta. This paper discusses the history of oil exploration in the Niger Delta, oil laws, effects of oil exploration in the region, and the rise of militants and terrorists in the area. The paper uses the term, ‘environmental Justice’ to denote unfair treatment and destruction of the Delta environment resulting from oil exploration, non implementation and enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, and abuse of human rights.The paper suggests solutions for peace in the Niger Delta.

scholarly journals Exploring the attachment of the Mediterranean medicinal leech ( Hirudo verbana ) to porous substrates

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (168) ◽  
pp. 20200300
Author(s):  
Tim Kampowski ◽  
Lara-Louise Thiemann ◽  
Lukas Kürner ◽  
Thomas Speck ◽  
Simon Poppinga
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Medicinal Leech ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Artificial Substrates ◽  
Hirudo Verbana ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Attachment Mechanism ◽  
Blood Meals ◽  
Porous Substrates

Haematophagous ectoparasites must ensure a reliable hold to their host during blood meals and, therefore, have evolved a broad spectrum of versatile and effective attachment mechanisms. The Mediterranean medicinal leech ( Hirudo verbana ), for example, uses suction on both smooth and textured air-tight substrates. However, preliminary studies showed that H. verbana is also capable of attaching itself to air-permeable substrates, where suction does not work. Using high-speed videography and mechanical tests, we comparatively investigated the attachment of H. verbana on both smooth and textured air-tight as well as on porous artificial substrates, also considering the influence of mucus on sucker surfaces. In general, the leech-specific locomotion cycle did not differ between the tested surfaces, and the leeches were able to reliably attach to both air-tight and porous substrates. From our results, we conclude that suction is presumably the primary attachment mechanism of H. verbana . However, secondary mechanisms such as mechanical interlocking with surface asperities and pores or capillary forces occurring at the interface between the mucus-covered suckers and the substratum are also employed. In any case, the rich repertoire of applicable attachment principles renders the organs of H. verbana functionally highly resilient.

Numerical and Experimental Analysis on the Operational Reliability of Rotating Mirror for Ultra-high Speed Camera

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1484-1489
Author(s):  
余春晖 YU Chun-hui ◽  
李春波 LI Chun-bo ◽  
柴金龙 CHAI Jin-long ◽  
江展洪 JIANG Zhan-hong ◽  
李景镇 LI Jing-zhen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
High Speed Camera ◽  
Ultra High Speed

scholarly journals Metallurgical and Mechanical Characterization of High-Speed Friction Stir Welded AA 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Naumov ◽  
Iuliia Morozova ◽  
Evgenii Rylkov ◽  
Aleksei Obrosov ◽  
Fedor Isupov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Welding Speed ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Microhardness Distribution ◽  
Aluminum Sheets

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the high welding speed on the mechanical properties and their relations to microstructural characteristics of butt friction stir welded joints with the use of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy. The aluminum sheets of 2.0 mm thick were friction stir welded at low (conventional FSW) and high welding speeds (HSFSW) of 200 and 2500 mm/min, respectively. The grain size in the nugget zone (NZ) was decreased; the width of the softened region was narrowed down as well as the lowest microhardness value located in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) was enhanced by HSFSW. The increasing welding speed resulted in the higher ultimate tensile strength and lower elongation, but it had a slight influence on the yield strength. The differences in mechanical properties were explained by analysis of microstructural changes and tensile fracture surfaces of the welded joints, supported by the results of the numerical simulation of the temperature distribution and material flow. The fracture of the conventional FSW joint occurred in the HAZ, the weakest weld region, while all HSFSW joints raptured in the NZ. This demonstrated that both structural characteristics and microhardness distribution influenced the actual fracture locations.

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