HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF IPS PARACONFUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) LARVAE AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO MORTALITY: I. INFLUENCE OF HOST TREE AND TREE DIAMETER ON PARASITIZATION

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (11) ◽  
pp. 1453-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Ball ◽  
D. L. Dahlsten
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Parasite Complex

AbstractThe larval parasite complex of Ips paraconfusus Lanier is found to differ in Pinus ponderosa and Pinus lambertiana within the same local area. Ips paraconfusus was attacked by fewer species of parasites in ponderosa pine and the rate of parasitization was generally less in that tree species. Greater parasitization in sugar pine was not entirely accounted for by the additional parasite species, but also reflected greater efficacy by those species common to both trees. Evidence indicates that greater bark thickness in ponderosa pine at comparable diameters may have been responsible for the higher parasitization by the shared parasite species.A significant negative regression of parasitization with diameter was found in sugar pine, but not in ponderosa pine. Most, if not all, of this regression is attributed to a single species, Rhopalicus pulchripennis, whose searching appears to be confined to the smooth, softer bark of the crown.

FEEDING AND BORING BEHAVIOR OF THE BARK BEETLE IPS PARACONFUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ON THE BARK OF A HOST AND NON-HOST TREE SPECIES

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (8) ◽  
pp. 797-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Elkinton ◽  
D. L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Host Tree Species ◽  
Petri Dishes

AbstractMale Ips paraconfusus selected a host, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), over a non-host, white fir (Abies concolor), only after the beetles had bored through the outer bark and into the phloem. Males, when given a choice between bark discs of these tree species in petri dishes, bored readily through the outer bark of either species. However, the beetles penetrated no more than 1 mm into the phloem of white fir, but they bored extensively in the phloem of ponderosa pine. The beetle’s preference for the pine over fir phloem was apparent with intact samples of phloem with the outer bark removed and with ground phloem. No preferences were apparent for the ground or intact pine or fir outer bark, with the phloem removed. The beetles bored preferentially in fissured as opposed to smooth outer bark of either tree. Beetles did not feed in the outer bark but did feed in the phloem of either species. In field experiments beetles attracted to logs of pine and fir bored through the outer bark of each species in nearly equal numbers. In white fir they re-emerged and departed soon after penetration of the phloem, whereas in ponderosa pine they continued excavation of tunnels in the phloem. In contrast, few beetles penetrated even the outer back of incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), another non-host species.

Basal Injury From Smoldering Fires in Mature Pinus ponderosa Laws

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Ryan ◽  
WH Frandsen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
National Park ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
European Settlement

Fuel accumulations were measured in duff mounds around the bases of 19 mature Pinus ponderosa Laws. (ponderosa pine) in a 200-year-old stand in Glacier National Park, Montana. Tree diameter at breast height ranged from 50 to 114 cm (mean = 80 cm). The stand burned at intervals between 13 to 58 years prior to European settlement. This stand had not burned for 69 years. The duff depth 30 cm from the tree bole ranged from 3 to 39 cm (mean = 18 cm). Duff depth increased with tree diameter and decreased with distance from the bole. Duff depth 90 cm from the bole averaged one-half the depth 30 cm from the bole. Duff consumption and its effect on cambium mortality were quantified following a late summer, low intensity fire. Duff moisture contents on a dry weight basis were: fermentation (20%) and humus (36%). Smoldering combustion consumed98% of the duff beneath the trees. Two patterns of duff burning were documented: downward spreading and lateral spreading. Temperatures near the root crown were above 300�C for 2 to 4 hours, resulting in mortality of 45% of the cambium samples (n = 76) tested at the root crown. The probability of cambium mortality increased with duff depth and tree diameter. However, cambium mortality was lower than expected from analysis of thermal diffusion through bark. Cooling by mass transport through phloem and xylem is suggested as apossible explanation for the low cambium mortality.

Precommercial Thinning in a Ponderosa Pine Stand affected by Armillaria Root Disease: 20 Years of Growth and Mortality in Central Oregon

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Filip ◽  
Donald J. Goheen ◽  
David W. Johnson ◽  
John H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Forest Managers

Abstract A naturally regenerated stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) was thinned in 1966 to determine the effects of spacing on crop-tree mortality caused by Armillaria root disease in central Oregon. After 20 years, crop-tree mortality in unthinned plots exceeded that in the thinned plots (1.6 vs. 0.8 trees/ac/yr). Crop-tree diameter growth, however, was greater in thinned plots (0.2 vs. 0.1 in./yr). Forest managers should not defer thinning of similar stands because of Armillaria root disease. West J. Appl. For. 4(2):58-59, April 1989.

Thermally induced bark swelling in four North American tree species

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 452-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
B W Butler ◽  
B W Webb ◽  
D Jimenez ◽  
J A Reardon ◽  
J L Jones
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Additional Protection

Bark protects both the living phloem and the vascular cambium of trees. For some tree species the bark has been observed to swell in the radial direction when heated by nearby flames, possibly providing additional protection from thermal injury. In this study, detailed measurements of bark swelling (tumescence) are reported for four species: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Tests were conducted on over 574 samples extracted from 44 separate trees. The results clearly show that bark swelling occurs in the mature bark of Douglas-fir and to a lesser degree in chestnut oak. Ponderosa pine and red maple did not exhibit statistically significant swelling, but rather a modest decrease in overall bark thickness with heating. Significant swelling in Douglas-fir bark began at approximately 125 °C and resulted in a 15%–80% increase in overall bark thickness. Swelling of chestnut oak was observed to begin at an average temperature of 225 °C and resulted in a 5%–10% increase in total bark thickness. The increase in bark thickness occurred primarily in the radial direction in mature bark.

scholarly journals Influence of Ash Substrate Proximity on Growth and Survival of Planted Mixed-Conifer Seedlings

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. York ◽  
Zachary Thomas ◽  
Joseph Restaino
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Height Gain

Abstract To address uncertainty in the performance of seedlings planted in and around postburn substrates, we systematically planted seedlings in the center of, on the edge of, and outside ash substrate footprints following burning of logging residue piles and monitored growth and survival for a decade. Five species (Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii], giant sequoia [Sequoiadendron giganteum], incense-cedar [Calocedrus decurrens], sugar pine [Pinus lambertiana], and ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa]) were planted in a regenerating mixed-conifer stand in the Sierra Nevada range of California. There was a positive effect of ash substrate proximity on growth that was immediate and persisted for 10 years for every species except incense-cedar. Seedlings planted in the centers of ash substrates consistently outgrew (in both height and basal diameter) seedlings that were planted either on the edges of or outside ash substrates. Douglas-fir had the greatest height gain (+47%), followed by giant sequoia (+28%), sugar pine (+23%), and ponderosa pine (+17%). Basal diameter differences were similar. No effect of ash proximity on survival was detected. Planting seedlings in the centers of ash substrates led to exceptionally larger trees by the time the stand had developed enough to apply a precommercial thin, a relevant milestone for managed stands.

ADVERSE EFFECT OF FENOXYCARB ON REPRODUCTION BY THE CALIFORNIA FIVESPINED IPS, IPS PARACONFUSUS LANIER (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (12) ◽  
pp. 1059-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.-M. Chen ◽  
J.H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Topical Treatment ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
Ethyl Carbamate ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Hormone Activity ◽  
Juvenile Hormone Activity

AbstractThe effects of fenoxycarb, ethyl[2-(p-phenoxyphenoxy)-ethyl]carbamate, an insect growth regulator with juvenile hormone activity, on reproduction in Ips paraconfusus Lanier were investigated. Topical treatment of either females or both sexes of parent beetles with 50 μg of fenoxycarb per insect resulted in a significant reduction in hatching of eggs and numbers of progeny produced by beetles allowed to infest logs of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws. When pairs of beetles were allowed to attack logs that were surface-treated with fenoxycarb, the effects on reproduction at a dose of 100 μg/cm2 of bark surface were comparable to those of a topical treatment at a dose of 50 μg per insect. However, at doses of 1000 or 10 000 μg/cm2 the adverse effects included reductions in the length of egg galleries, fecundity (number of egg niches), and number of freshly laid eggs. Percentage reductions in progeny were 35.8, 82.5, and 95.7 for doses of 100, 1000, and 10 000 μg/cm2, respectively, if brood beetles were allowed to emerge from the logs. This study indicates that fenoxycarb acts as an effective chemosterilant on I. paraconfusus.

SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF IPS PARACONFUSUS LANIER (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) REARED AXENICALLY AND WITH TREE-PATHOGENIC FUNGI VECTORED BY COHABITING DENDROCTONUS SPECIES

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Fox ◽  
D.L. Wood ◽  
R.P. Akers ◽  
J.R. Parmeter
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Dendroctonus Brevicomis ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
New Association ◽  
Leptographium Terebrantis

AbstractSurvival and development of Ips paraconfusus Lanier larvae reared individually in intact Pinus ponderosa Laws. phloem without associated fungi and dietary supplements was demonstrated. Survival was reduced.in intact ponderosa pine phloem previously occupied by other larvae or by bluestaining fungi [i.e. Ophiostoma ips (Rumb.) vectored by I. paraconfusus, O. minus (Hedge.) H. & P. Syd. vectored by Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, O. clavigerum (Robins.-Jeff. & Davids.) vectored by D. ponderosae Hopkins, and Leptographium terebrantis Barras & Perry vectored by D. valens LeConte] compared with those reared without fungi or symbiotic yeasts. The highest proportion of larvae initiating tunnels and surviving to adult was observed for untreated eggs, and the lowest proportion occurred in the L. terebrantis treatment. Size was reduced and developmental rate was slower for larvae reared without fungi compared with larvae reared with associated fungi.Tunnels excavated by first- and second-instar larvae reared without associated fungi were longer than those excavated by larvae reared with associated fungi. The most frequent larval turnabouts occurred with larvae reared axenically and reared with Ips yeast and O. ips. The fewest occurred with larvae reared with Ips egg niche plugs and from untreated eggs. Females reared free of any fungi or with Penicillium or Aspergillus did not oviposit in surface-sterilized ponderosa pine logs. Naturally eclosed females from ponderosa pine logs in which they developed, laid eggs in these sterilized logs. Potential for a new association among bark beetles and fungi is discussed.

scholarly journals Deterioration of Fire-Killed Timber in Southern Oregon and Northern California

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eini C. Lowell ◽  
James M. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Percent Loss ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Second Year ◽  
One Year

Abstract Deterioration of fire-killed timber in the coastal mountains of southern Oregon and northern California was monitored over a 3 yr period (1988-1990). Defect was identified and measured on felled and bucked sample trees by using Scribner and cubic scaling rules. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), white fir (A. concolor),ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), covering a wide range of geographic areas, site conditions, and tree size and age, were studied. One year after death, Douglas-fir, sugar pine, and ponderosa pine had lost about 1% and the true firs 5% of their cubic volume. The sapwood of the pines was heavily stained. The occurrence of sap rot and weather checks increased the second year. Percent loss in all species was correlated with small-end scaling diameter. A logistic regression model predicting the incidence of cull was developed for use on logs that have been dead for 3 yr. West. J. Appl. For. 11(4):125-131.

scholarly journals Effects of Growing Space on Growth for 20-Year-Old Giant Sequoia, Ponderosa Pine, and Douglas-Fir in the Sierra Nevada

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galen G. Peracca ◽  
Kevin L. O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract Relationships between growing space per tree and tree growth components (dbh, height, percentage of live crown, height-diameter ratio, tree volume, and tree biomass) were studied in three single-species, 20-year-old Nelder plots in the Sierra Nevada. Study species included ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa [P.&C. Lawson]), coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum [Lindl.] Buchh.). Spacing distance between trees varied from 1.77 to 17.78 ft, and growing space per tree varied from 4.1 to 411.0 ft2 (computed using Thiessen polygons). Relationships between growing space and tree height, tree diameter, and percentage of live crown were all significant and showed increasing trends as growing space per tree increased. Height:diameter ratios were high at close spacing and decreased with increasing growing space. Volume growth and biomass per tree increased, whereas stand volume and stand biomass decreased with increased growing space. Ponderosa pine produced the most stand volume and biomass of the three species.

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