The Amino Acids Required for Egg Production in Aedes aegypti

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Dimond ◽  
A. O. Lea ◽  
W. F. Hahnert ◽  
D. M. DeLong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Immature Form

Since the monumental work of Rose (1938) on the essential amino acids for growth in the rat, similar studies have been made on other vertebrates. It has been shown that most of these animals have the same pattern of amino acid requirements for growth of the immature form and for maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium in the adult. The amino acids usually required are arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophane, and valine. These studies have been adequately reviewed in recent texts (Bourne and Kidder 1953, Albanese 1950).

scholarly journals THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF RABBIT FIBROBLASTS, STRAIN RM3-56

1957 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Haff ◽  
H. E. Swim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Cellular Degeneration ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Dialyzed Serum

Strain RM3-56 of rabbit fibroblasts was found to require arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine for growth in a medium containing 2 per cent dialyzed serum as the only undefined component. The requirement for serine is less specific than that of the other 13 amino acids and it is partially replaced by glycine, or alanine, or by several combinations of so called accessory amino acids. The concentrations of essential amino acids which permit maximal proliferation range from 0.005 to 0.3 mM. Cystine, glutamine, lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine are toxic at concentrations of 5 mM. The rate of proliferation of RM3-56 in a medium containing all 14 essential amino acids is increased significantly by the addition of alanine and to a lesser extent by the addition of aspartic and glutamic acids and glycine. A deficiency of cystine or glutamine results in cellular degeneration within 3 to 5 days, whereas the cells remain in good condition for 2 to 3 weeks in the absence of each of the remaining 12 essential amino acids. The results obtained with RM3-56 are compared with strains HeLa, L, and U12, whose amino acid requirements have been investigated under similar conditions.

scholarly journals Changes in the plasma concentrations of free amino acids in relation to egg formation in the hen

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Taylor ◽  
J. J. Waring ◽  
R. K. Scougall
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Egg Formation ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

1. The changes occurring in the free amino acids of the plasma of laying hens in relation to egg formation have been investigated in fed and starved hens in three experiments, each with eight birds.2. The mean concentrations of most amino acids and of the totals were higher at night than in the morning.3. In general, egg formation was associated with increases in the concentrations of non- essential and decreases in the concentrations of essential amino acids. Cystine and glutamic acid tended to behave like the essential amino acids.4. After 40 h starvation seven amino acids, particularly serine, histidine and lysine, in- creased in concentration and only three, proline, ornithine and arginine, decreased significantly.5. When eight cocks were injected with oestrogen most of the amino acids increased in con-centration. The essential amino acids (with the exception of phenylalanine), serine, proline, cystine and ornithine showed the greatest increases.6. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility that the voluntary food intake of hens may be influenced by changes in the plasma levels of one or more essential amino acids associated with the synthesis of egg albumen. Arginine appeared to be the only amino acid that might possibly fulfil this role.7. It was concluded that investigations of changes in the free amino acids of hen plasma are unlikely to provide a useful approach to a study of the amino acid requirements or the nutritive value of particular proteins for egg production.

THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF A PERMANENT STRAIN OF ALTERED UTERINE FIBROBLASTS (U12-705)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 861-868
Author(s):  
H. E. Swim ◽  
R. F. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Permanent Strain ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

A permanent line of altered human fibroblasts, strain U12-705, was found to require arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine for growth in a defined medium supplemented with 2.5% (v/v) dialyzed chick embryo extract and 5% dialyzed horse serum. In the absence of any of the essential amino acids the cells not only fail to proliferate but undergo degenerative changes which increased with time. The omission of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, and proline either separately or collectively does not alter the rate of growth or result in changes in the appearance of the cells. Cysteine and glutathione are equally as effective as cystine in promoting the growth of U12-705. None of the D-enantiomorphs of the essential amino acids will effectively replace the corresponding L-isomer. Single D-amino acids are not inhibitory when added to the medium in 5 times the concentration of the L-amino acid. The minimum concentrations of essential amino acids which permit optimal proliferation under the conditions employed range from 0.005 to 0.5 mM. Essential amino acids with the exception of glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, and valine are toxic for U12-705 when employed at a concentration of 5 mM. Toxic manifestations vary with the amino acid and range from cytologic changes in the cells without a significant decrease in the growth rate to complete inhibition of growth and extensive cellular degeneration.

THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF A PERMANENT STRAIN OF ALTERED UTERINE FIBROBLASTS (U12-705)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 861-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Swim ◽  
R. F. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Permanent Strain ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

A permanent line of altered human fibroblasts, strain U12-705, was found to require arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine for growth in a defined medium supplemented with 2.5% (v/v) dialyzed chick embryo extract and 5% dialyzed horse serum. In the absence of any of the essential amino acids the cells not only fail to proliferate but undergo degenerative changes which increased with time. The omission of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, and proline either separately or collectively does not alter the rate of growth or result in changes in the appearance of the cells. Cysteine and glutathione are equally as effective as cystine in promoting the growth of U12-705. None of the D-enantiomorphs of the essential amino acids will effectively replace the corresponding L-isomer. Single D-amino acids are not inhibitory when added to the medium in 5 times the concentration of the L-amino acid. The minimum concentrations of essential amino acids which permit optimal proliferation under the conditions employed range from 0.005 to 0.5 mM. Essential amino acids with the exception of glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, and valine are toxic for U12-705 when employed at a concentration of 5 mM. Toxic manifestations vary with the amino acid and range from cytologic changes in the cells without a significant decrease in the growth rate to complete inhibition of growth and extensive cellular degeneration.

Target of Rapamycin drives unequal responses to essential amino acid depletion in egg laying

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Nogueira Alves ◽  
Carla M Sgrò ◽  
Matthew D Piper ◽  
Christen K Mirth
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Depletion ◽  
Holidic Diet ◽  
Related Trait

Nutrition shapes a broad range of life history traits, ultimately impacting animal fitness. A key fitness-related trait, female fecundity is well known to change as a function of diet. In particular, the availability of dietary protein is one of the main drivers of egg production, and in the absence of essential amino acids egg laying declines. However, it is unclear whether all essential amino acids have the same impact on phenotypes like fecundity. Using a holidic diet, we fed adult female D. melanogaster diets that contain all necessary nutrients except one of the 10 essential amino acids and assessed the effects on egg production. For most essential amino acids, depleting a single amino acid induced as rapid a decline in egg production as when there were no amino acids in the diet. However, when either methionine or histidine were excluded from the diet, egg production declined more slowly. Next, we tested whether GCN2 and TOR were involved in this difference in response across amino acids. While mutations in GCN2 did not eliminate the differences in the rates of decline in egg laying among amino acid drop-out diets, we found that inhibiting TOR signalling caused egg laying to decline rapidly for all drop-out diets. TOR signalling does this by regulating the yolk-forming stages of egg chamber development. Our results suggest that amino acids differ in their ability to induce signalling via the TOR pathway. This is important because if phenotypes differ in sensitivity to individual amino acids, this generates the potential for mismatches between the output of a pathway and the animal's true nutritional status.

Plasma essential amino acids concentrations of early lactating Holstein dairy cows fed diet containing raw or roasted Iranian soybean

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 182-182
Author(s):  
Forouzan Tabatabaie ◽  
Hassan Fathi ◽  
Mohsen Danesh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
High Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Physical Treatments

Whole soybean has 40-42 percent CP and used as high energy-protein supplement for early lactation dairy cows. However, the protein is highly degradable, so small amounts of amino acids can be reached to small intestine to meet high amino acid requirements of early lactating cows. Therefore, various chemical and physical treatments have been suggested to decrease ruminal protein degradability of soybeans. The practical use and application of any one method to lower ruminal feed degradability is dependent not only on its efficacy but also on its cost effectiveness, safety and ease of application. For these reasons, heat treatment is the most commonly used physical method (Plegge et al., 1985). The purpose of this study was to determine how roasting of soybeans affect plasma essential amino acid concentrations in early lactation cows.

Amino Acid Requirements of Children: Nitrogen Balance at the Minimal Level of Essential Amino Acids

1964 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itsiro Nakagawa ◽  
Tetsuzo Takahashi ◽  
Takeshi Suzuki ◽  
Katsumi Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Minimal Level ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Amino Acid Composition of Fishery Products

1949 ◽  
Vol 7c (9) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine P. Deas ◽  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Fish Flesh ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Fishery Products ◽  
Muscle Myosin

Fish flesh and certain waste materials were hydrolysed by tryptic enzymes of fish pyloric caeca. Fractionation of the resulting hydrolysates showed that they contained largely peptone, sub-peptone and residual (small peptides and amino acids) nitrogen, and little or no protein or proteose nitrogen. Fish flesh, milts, roes, meal, stickwater and a muscle myosin preparation were extracted to remove the fat, then dried and hydrolysed with acid or alkali. The essential amino acids arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophane and tyrosine were determined in these enzyme-, acid- and alkali-hydrolysed materials by microbiological methods. The results have been summarized.

Amino Acid Requirements for the Wheat Stem Sawfly Determined with Glucose-U-C14 after Vacuum-infiltration

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1133-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kasting ◽  
A. J. McGinnis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Vacuum Infiltration ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Radioactive Substrate

AbstractGlucose-U-C14 was incorporated into immature larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., by vacuum-infiltration. These insects were too small to be conveniently injected and could not be easily fed on artificial diets. About half of them survived the infiltration treatment. C14O2 was produced by the organism showing that the radioactive substrate was metabolized. Of the amino acids isolated from the larvae, proline, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, and glycine contained relatively large quantities of carbon-14 indicating biosynthesis, and are classed as nutritionally non-essential. In contrast, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine contained little, if any, radioactivity and are classed as nutritionally essential. The concentrations of some of the amino acids in the larval tissues are also presented.

Amino Acid Composition of Fishery Products (II)

1950 ◽  
Vol 7d (10) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis W. Ney ◽  
Catherine P. Deas ◽  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Microbiological Assay ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Fishery Products

The essential amino acids arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophane and tyrosine were determined in the following fishery products using microbiological assay technique: fish meals, stickwaters (fish solubles), condensed fish solubles, liver, commercial liver hydrolysate, frozen pink salmon viscera, chum salmon fingerlings and herring scales.

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