Plasma essential amino acids concentrations of early lactating Holstein dairy cows fed diet containing raw or roasted Iranian soybean

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 182-182
Author(s):  
Forouzan Tabatabaie ◽  
Hassan Fathi ◽  
Mohsen Danesh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
High Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Physical Treatments

Whole soybean has 40-42 percent CP and used as high energy-protein supplement for early lactation dairy cows. However, the protein is highly degradable, so small amounts of amino acids can be reached to small intestine to meet high amino acid requirements of early lactating cows. Therefore, various chemical and physical treatments have been suggested to decrease ruminal protein degradability of soybeans. The practical use and application of any one method to lower ruminal feed degradability is dependent not only on its efficacy but also on its cost effectiveness, safety and ease of application. For these reasons, heat treatment is the most commonly used physical method (Plegge et al., 1985). The purpose of this study was to determine how roasting of soybeans affect plasma essential amino acid concentrations in early lactation cows.

Plasma methionine and lysine concentrations of early lactating Holstein cows fed diet containing raw or roasted Iranian soybean variety

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 200-200
Author(s):  
F. Tabatabai ◽  
M. H. Fathi Nasri ◽  
M. Danesh Mesgaran
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
High Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Physical Treatments ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Whole soybean has 19 percent ether extract and 42 percent CP and is used as a high energy-protein supplement for early lactation dairy cows, but the protein is highly degradable, so small amounts of amino acids can reach the small intestine to meet high amino acid requirements in early lactation. Therefore, various chemical and physical treatments have been suggested to decrease ruminal protein degradability. The practical use and application of any one method to lower ruminal feed degradability is dependent not only on its efficacy but also on its cost effectiveness, safety and ease of application. For these reasons, heat treatment is the most commonly used physical method. Energy expenditure and fixed costs are lower for roasting than for oven treatment, thereby warranting further research on this type of heat treatment (Plegge et al., 1985). The purpose of this study was to determine how roasting of soybeans affect Met and Lys plasma levels (as the first limiting amino acids in milk yield) in early lactation cows.

Amino Acid Requirements of Children: Nitrogen Balance at the Minimal Level of Essential Amino Acids

1964 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itsiro Nakagawa ◽  
Tetsuzo Takahashi ◽  
Takeshi Suzuki ◽  
Katsumi Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Minimal Level ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

The Contribution of Caseins to the Amino Acid Supply for Lactococcus lactis Depends on the Type of Cell Envelope Proteinase

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1991-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedicte Flambard ◽  
Sandra Helinck ◽  
Jean Richard ◽  
Vincent Juillard
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Lactococcus Lactis ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Rate Limiting

ABSTRACT The ability of caseins to fulfill the amino acid requirements ofLactococcus lactis for growth was studied as a function of the type of cell envelope proteinase (PI versus PIII type). Two genetically engineered strains of L. lactis that differed only in the type of proteinase were grown in chemically defined media containing αs1-, β-, and κ-caseins (alone or in combination) as the sources of amino acids. Casein utilization resulted in limitation of the growth rate, and the extent of this limitation depended on the type of casein and proteinase. Adding different mixtures of essential amino acids to the growth medium made it possible to identify the nature of the limitation. This procedure also made it possible to identify the amino acid deficiency which was growth rate limiting for L. lactis in milk (S. Helinck, J. Richard, and V. Juillard, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2124–2130, 1997) as a function of the type of proteinase. Our results were compared with results from previous in vitro experiments in which casein degradation by purified proteinases was examined. The results were in agreement only in the case of the PI-type proteinase. Therefore, our results bring into question the validity of the in vitro approach to identification of casein-derived peptides released by a PIII-type proteinase.

Effect of heat processing on ruminal and post-ruminal disappearance of essential and non-essential amino acids of Iranian whole soybeans

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 165-165
Author(s):  
M. Hassan Fathi Nasri ◽  
Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran ◽  
Reza Valizadeh ◽  
Ali Nikkhah
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Heat Processing ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Physical Processing

Whole soybean (SB) is used as a high energy-protein supplement for dairy cows, but the protein is highly degradable by rumen microbes. Various chemical and physical processing has been suggested to decrease ruminal protein degradability, that heat processing is the most commonly used physical method. Modern systems for protein evaluations in ruminants are moving in the direction of predicting absorption of amino acids from the small intestine, so the determination of intestinal digestibility of amino acids is of special importance particularly in heat-treated feedstuffs. The objective of this research was to elucidate the effects of roasting and steep-roasting on ruminal and post-ruminal disappearance of essential and non-essential amino acids (EAA and NEAA) of Iranian SB.

scholarly journals THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF RABBIT FIBROBLASTS, STRAIN RM3-56

1957 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Haff ◽  
H. E. Swim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Cellular Degeneration ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Dialyzed Serum

Strain RM3-56 of rabbit fibroblasts was found to require arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine for growth in a medium containing 2 per cent dialyzed serum as the only undefined component. The requirement for serine is less specific than that of the other 13 amino acids and it is partially replaced by glycine, or alanine, or by several combinations of so called accessory amino acids. The concentrations of essential amino acids which permit maximal proliferation range from 0.005 to 0.3 mM. Cystine, glutamine, lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine are toxic at concentrations of 5 mM. The rate of proliferation of RM3-56 in a medium containing all 14 essential amino acids is increased significantly by the addition of alanine and to a lesser extent by the addition of aspartic and glutamic acids and glycine. A deficiency of cystine or glutamine results in cellular degeneration within 3 to 5 days, whereas the cells remain in good condition for 2 to 3 weeks in the absence of each of the remaining 12 essential amino acids. The results obtained with RM3-56 are compared with strains HeLa, L, and U12, whose amino acid requirements have been investigated under similar conditions.

scholarly journals Studies of amino acid requirements of adult rats

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Smith ◽  
B. C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Whole Egg

1. A series of experiments was carried out to determine the minimum essential amino acid requirements of the adult rat.2. After testing four amino acid patterns taken from the literature, a basal pattern was formulated in which each amino acid appeared at the lowest level at which it was presented in any of the original diets.3. Nitrogen balance was the main criterion used to judge any benefit arising from modest increases in individual amino acids tested in a modified Latin-square design. They were given at a protein level of 3.6% of the diet. Non-essential amino acids were in the same proportions as in whole egg.4. It appeared that three amino acids, namely tryptophan, threonine and isoleucine, brought about more favourable balances when presented at concentrations higher than basal.5. Reduced levels of each amino acid were then tested in order to ensure that no surpluses were present.6. N retentions indicated that lysine, phenylalanine plus tyrosine, leucine and valine could be reduced below the basal level and still meet the needs of the rat for these amino acids.7. When the pattern of amino acids arising from these latter trials was tested in combination, rather than as trios, pairs, or single changes, positive N balances gave confidence that these were minimal levels of the essential amino acids required for meeting the maintenance needs of adult rats.8. Plasma proteins from the rats on the evolved pattern were found to be in no way different from those found for normal animals. This gave further support to the belief that the pattern was adequate for the rats.

scholarly journals Whole-body fluxes and partitioning of amino acids to the mammary gland of cows fed fresh pasture at two levels of intake during early lactation

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pacheco ◽  
M.H. Tavendale ◽  
G. W. Reynolds ◽  
T. N. Barry ◽  
J. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Ad Libitum

The utilisation of essential amino acids (EAA) by the mammary gland of lactating dairy cows fed fresh forages was studied to provide basic information useful in designing strategies to increase the production of milk protein from pasture-fed dairy cows. The relationship between the flux of EAA in the whole body and their uptake by the mammary gland was determined in four cows in early lactation (length of time in milk 44 (SD 14·5) d) producing 21 (SD 4·0) kg milk/d. The cows were maintained in metabolism stalls and fed fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) pasturead libitumor restricted to 75 %ad libitumintake. The whole-body fluxes of amino acids (AA) were measured using an arterio-venous infusion of universally13C-labelled AA. Whole-body fluxes of fourteen AA were estimated. Isotope dilution indicated that mammary utilisation accounted for one-third of the whole-body flux of EAA, with individual AA ranging between 17 and 35 %. Isoleucine, leucine, valine and lysine were the EAA with the greatest partitioning towards the mammary gland (up to 36 % of the whole-body flux), which could reflect a potentially limiting effect on milk protein synthesis. In the case of AA with low partitioning to the mammary gland (for example, histidine), it is suggested that non-mammary tissues may have priority over the mammary gland and therefore the supply of this AA may also limit milk protein synthesis.

SUBSTITUTION OF CHOLINE BY RELATED COMPOUNDS AND FURTHER STUDIES ON AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN NUTRITION OF PHORMIA REGINA (MEIG.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Hodgson ◽  
Vernon H. Cheldelin ◽  
R. W. Newburgh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Phormia Regina ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Dietary Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Related Compounds

Phormia regina grown on a chemically defined diet under sterile conditions has been shown to have a specific dietary requirement for choline. The present work shows that carnitine and 2,2-dimethylaminoethanol can completely replace this in the diet whereas betaine is ineffective in this respect. Deletion of single amino acids from a mixture of 18 adequate for growth has previously shown the following 10 amino acids to be essential: arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, proline, and isoleucine. The present work: shows by the inability of the organism to grow on these essential amino acids that this method is not adequate to detect amino acid combinations for which alternate requirements exist. By the deletion of groups of two or more amino acids it has been shown that P. regina has a dietary requirement for either methionine or cystine and for either glutamic acid or aspartic acid. Growth on the 10 essential amino acids is stimulated by yeast extract. This is apparently not due to a simple replacement of missing amino acids, since the addition of yeast creates an increased requirement for thiamine.

scholarly journals The Proximate Composition, Amino Acid Profile and Chemical Indices in Five Freshwater Fishes from Tiga Dam Reservoir, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Audu Michael Elaigwu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dam Reservoir

Abstract The study assesses the proximate composition, amino acid profile and its content and chemical indices of the sun-dried Schilbe mystus, Bagrus bayad, Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias anguillaris and Petrocephalus bane bane from Tiga Dam Reservoir, Nigeria. The proximate composition varied significantly (p<0.05) in all five species of fish and these ranged as follows: Moisture (4.79 - 9.52 g/100 g), Crude Protein (42.20 - 57.71 g/100 g), Ash Content (0.90 - 12.51 g/100 g), Ether Extract (3.41 - 9.93 g/100 g), Crude Fibre (0.62 - 5.08 g/100 g), Nitrogen Free Extract (12.28 - 42.70 g/100 g) and Dry Matter (90.48 - 95.21 g/100 g). The amino acid also differed significantly (p<0.05). The nine essential amino acids found in the five species of fish were Lysine (4.21 - 6.34 g/100 g), Histidine (1.96 - 4.30 g/100 g), Arginine (5.80 - 8.21 g/100 g), Threonine (1.93 - 5.05 g/100 g), Valine (2.91 - 5.53 g/100 g), Methionine (1.74 - 3.80 g/100 g), Isoleucine (2.04 - 3.37 g/100 g), Leucine (3.64 - 7.18 g/100 g) and Phynylalanine (1.90 - 4.23 g/100 g). Whereas, the eight non-essential amino acids included: Serine (2.12 - 5.22 g/100 g), Glutamic acid (13.24 - 16.30 g/100 g), Proline (3.12 - 6.29 g/100 g), Glycine (4.20 - 9.08 g/100 g), Alanine (5.00 - 6.36 g/100 g), Cysteine (0.94 - 1.24 g/100 g), Tyrosine (2.33 - 3.33 g/100 g) and Aspartic acid (6.34 - 11.01 g/100 g). P. bane bane was first in terms of crude protein; S. mystus had the highest lipid and essential amino acid content. Also, C. anguillaris recorded the highest calorific value and best amino acid content. Thus, P. bane bane can serve as a source of animal protein to balance deficiencies in humans. Both S. mystus and C. anguillaris can be used as a nutrient base for high energy food and oil in the food industry.

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