Amino Acid Composition of Fishery Products

1949 ◽  
Vol 7c (9) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine P. Deas ◽  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Fish Flesh ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Fishery Products ◽  
Muscle Myosin

Fish flesh and certain waste materials were hydrolysed by tryptic enzymes of fish pyloric caeca. Fractionation of the resulting hydrolysates showed that they contained largely peptone, sub-peptone and residual (small peptides and amino acids) nitrogen, and little or no protein or proteose nitrogen. Fish flesh, milts, roes, meal, stickwater and a muscle myosin preparation were extracted to remove the fat, then dried and hydrolysed with acid or alkali. The essential amino acids arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophane and tyrosine were determined in these enzyme-, acid- and alkali-hydrolysed materials by microbiological methods. The results have been summarized.

Amino Acid Composition of Fishery Products (II)

1950 ◽  
Vol 7d (10) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis W. Ney ◽  
Catherine P. Deas ◽  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Microbiological Assay ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Fishery Products

The essential amino acids arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophane and tyrosine were determined in the following fishery products using microbiological assay technique: fish meals, stickwaters (fish solubles), condensed fish solubles, liver, commercial liver hydrolysate, frozen pink salmon viscera, chum salmon fingerlings and herring scales.

scholarly journals Changes in neurotransmitter levels associated with the deficiency of some essential amino acids in the diet

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
José L. Venero ◽  
Antonio J. Herrera ◽  
Alberto Machado ◽  
Josefina Cano
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Corpus Striatum ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Serotoninergic System ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Brain

The contents of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites were measured in rat substantia nigra and corpus striatum following dietary changes, including restriction of protein content (low-protein diet; LPD) and the contents of several large neutral amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and valine) for 25 d. The LPD produced an increase in the concentration of tyrosine (TYR) in the two regions of the brain studied. This effect was also observed with all amino acid deficiencies studied except for valine in the substantia nigra, tryptophan in the striatum and phenylalanine in both regions. Likewise, the concentration of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), the main metabolite of 5-HT, increased in the substantia nigra but not in the striatum after LPD, as well as with all the amino acid deficiencies studied, with the exception of tryptophan deficiency. In this case there was a dramatic effect on all components of the serotoninergic system, with decreases in the concentration of tryptophan (TRP; precursor), 5-HT and 5-HIAA. This behaviour clearly shows an interrelationship between precursor (TRP) availability and 5-HT synthesis and metabolism. With valine deficiency, dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems demonstrated opposite effects in the substantia nigra and the corpus striatum, and the behaviour of the two monoamines was also opposite within each structure. The significance of these changes is discussed.

scholarly journals Proximate composition, mineral content and amino acid profile of Irvingia gabonensis O’Rorke baill leaf

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Efosa Ewere ◽  
Oboso Etim ◽  
Usunomena Usunobun
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Antinutritional Factors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Irvingia Gabonensis ◽  
Mineral Analyses

Several plants are utilized for medicinal and nutritional purposes. Irvingia gabonensis O’Rorke Baill leaf is used in herbal medicine for treatment of a number of ailments. This study was therefore carried out to investigate the proximate composition, antinutritional factors, mineral composition and amino acid profile of Irvingia gabonensis O’Rorke Baill leaf. The proximate and antinutritional factors analyses were done using standard procedures. The mineral analyses were done using flame photometry, titrimetic method, molybdo vanadate method and atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the amino acid profile was done with the aid of Applied Biosystems PTH amino acid analyzer. Results of proximate analyses were carbohydrates (75.15±1.29 %), protein (11.43±1.07 %), fat (1.99±0.74 %), fibre (4.89±0.61 %), ash (6.71±0.28 %), moisture (5.12±0.03 %) and caloric value (364.30±5.95 Kcal). Antinutrients (phytate, oxalate and cyanide) levels in the leaf were also very low. Results from mineral analyses obtained revealed that the leaf is also a very rich source of calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and so on. Compared with the World health organization (WHO) standards, results of the amino acid profile showed that the leaf is very rich in isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine and tyrosine which are nutritionally essential amino acids. Furthermore, extraction of the leaf using ethanol reduced the levels of these amino acids but not below the recommended WHO standard levels for most of the essential amino acids. Irvingia gabonensis O’Rorke Baill leaf is therefore a potential source of key nutrients.

INFLUENCE OF PROBIOTIC FEED ADDITIVE «ENTERO-ACTIVE» ON AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF BROILER CHICKEN MEAT

2020 ◽  
pp. 270-278
Author(s):  
Y. Poberezhets
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Protein Supply

The research has proved that the usage of probiotyk in feeding of broiler chicken facilitate increasing of the digestibility of amino acids including irreplaceable. Revealed that the digestibility of amino acids was highest in broilers consumption average dose supplements investigated. It should be noted that the increased digestibility of the essential probiotic amino acids, such as: lysine, histidine, arginine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine. Thus, the use of probiotic supplements improve the usefulness of protein supply. Such positive changes result in the increasing of broiler efficiency. The research has proved that the usage of different doses of probiotic supplements «Entero-active» has positively effects on amino acid content in meat of broiler chickens. Specifically, the thoracic and femoral muscles of poultry raised the level of most essential amino acids. Thus, consumption of probiotic feed broilers improves meat quality.

114 Evaluation of Extrusion Processing Method and Protein Source on Standardized Amino Acid Digestibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 57-58
Author(s):  
Clare Hsu ◽  
Gary Davenport ◽  
Galen Rokey ◽  
Maria R de Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Diet Sample ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Twin Screw

Abstract While the majority of dry complete and balanced foods for pet animals are extruded, the interaction between ingredient matrix and processing methods and stages are poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine how the use of plant-based and poultry-based proteins processed under different extrusion condition may affect amino acid digestibility in extruded canine diets using a rooster model. Eight diet formulas were made using chicken (CK), chicken byproduct meal (CM), yellow pea (YP), green lentil (GL), and garbanzo bean (GB) as the primary protein sources. These diets were extruded through a single-screw and a twin-screw extruder. Food samples were collected at various stages of processing (i.e., raw, and after preconditioner, extruder, drier, and coating). Four cecectomized single-comb White Leghorn roosters were used for each diet sample. The roosters were fasted for 26 h and then fed with the treatment diets. The excreta were collected 48 h after feeding. Freeze dried excreta were used to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility (SAAD). For all essential amino acids, a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between diet and processing method was observed. The SAAD of arginine, tryptophan, and methionine were greater than 80% for all diets collected at the end of the extruder. The CK diet supplemented with synthetic taurine and processed through twin-extrusion had 70% to 80% SAAD of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine. Overall, twin-screw extrusion resulted in lower SAAD for all essential amino acids (P < 0.05), except for isoleucine and valine. However, the differences were smaller than 2.5%, and therefore may not negatively impact diet formulation and final product nutrient composition or guaranteed analysis. In addition, the extruded canine diets made with plant-based protein did not have lower amino acid digestibility than those made with animal-based protein.

scholarly journals THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF RABBIT FIBROBLASTS, STRAIN RM3-56

1957 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Haff ◽  
H. E. Swim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Cellular Degeneration ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Dialyzed Serum

Strain RM3-56 of rabbit fibroblasts was found to require arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine for growth in a medium containing 2 per cent dialyzed serum as the only undefined component. The requirement for serine is less specific than that of the other 13 amino acids and it is partially replaced by glycine, or alanine, or by several combinations of so called accessory amino acids. The concentrations of essential amino acids which permit maximal proliferation range from 0.005 to 0.3 mM. Cystine, glutamine, lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine are toxic at concentrations of 5 mM. The rate of proliferation of RM3-56 in a medium containing all 14 essential amino acids is increased significantly by the addition of alanine and to a lesser extent by the addition of aspartic and glutamic acids and glycine. A deficiency of cystine or glutamine results in cellular degeneration within 3 to 5 days, whereas the cells remain in good condition for 2 to 3 weeks in the absence of each of the remaining 12 essential amino acids. The results obtained with RM3-56 are compared with strains HeLa, L, and U12, whose amino acid requirements have been investigated under similar conditions.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY UREA LEVEL ON AMINO ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMINANT TISSUES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. SALEM ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
G. D. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

The effects of a semipurified diet containing 0 (0% urea-N diet), 50 (39% urea-N diet), or 100% (76% urea-N diet) of added dietary nitrogen (N) as urea on the amino acid concentrations in ruminant tissues was investigated. Three rumen-fistulated bull calves averaging 240 kg were used in a latin square design. The calves were fed using a continuous feeder to provide 7 kg of feed daily. Each experimental period of the latin square was 40 days divided into four 10-day intervals. Liver samples were obtained on the 9th day of each 10-day interval and rumen epithelium and rumen microorganisms were obtained on the 10th day of each 10-day interval. Blood samples were collected on the 6th, 8th, and 10th day of each 10-day interval for the determination of plasma amino acid patterns as well as the amino acid concentrations in the tissues. Plasma amino acid patterns indicated that when the 76% urea-N diet was fed the levels of aspartic acid, citrulline, glutamic acid, glycine, and proline were increased. Most of the essential amino acids were decreased on the 76% urea-N diet as compared with the 0% urea-N diet. All amino acids of rumen microorganisms were increased on the 39% urea-N diet with the exception of arginine, lysine, and threonine, which decreased slightly or did not show any change. Most amino acids were lower on the 76% urea-N diet as compared with the 39% or 0% urea-N diets. All essential amino acids measured in the liver were reduced on the 76% urea-N diet. Cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, tryptophan, and valine were also reduced on the 39% urea-N diet. In rumen epithelium, there was a reduction of the essential amino acids and an increase of the nonessential amino acids on the 76% urea-N diet.

Effects of increased supply of essential amino acids on the metabolism of the isolated perfused guinea-pig mammary gland

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Peters ◽  
Stephen Alexandrov ◽  
T. Ben Mepham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Amino Acid Uptake ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Group 1

SUMMARYThe effects of high rates of infusion of essential amino acids on amino acid uptake by the isolated perfused guinea-pig mammary gland were studied. Infusion of methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine and tryptophan (designated group 1) resulted in significant increases in the uptakes of tyrosine, phenylalanine and histidine. Methionine, tryptophan and other essential amino acids were not significantly affected. Infusion of threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and arginine (designated group 2) resulted in significant increases in uptake of all these amino acids. Group 1 amino acid uptake was not significantly affected. Infusion of all the essential amino acids (i.e. groups 1 and 2 together) resulted in significant increases in all their uptakes. Using as index ‘the predicted rate of protein synthesis’, infusion of group 1 and 2 together led to an apparent 27% increase in protein synthesis. The above results are discussed in relation to the control of milk protein synthesis by limiting essential amino acids.

THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF A PERMANENT STRAIN OF ALTERED UTERINE FIBROBLASTS (U12-705)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 861-868
Author(s):  
H. E. Swim ◽  
R. F. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Permanent Strain ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

A permanent line of altered human fibroblasts, strain U12-705, was found to require arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine for growth in a defined medium supplemented with 2.5% (v/v) dialyzed chick embryo extract and 5% dialyzed horse serum. In the absence of any of the essential amino acids the cells not only fail to proliferate but undergo degenerative changes which increased with time. The omission of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, and proline either separately or collectively does not alter the rate of growth or result in changes in the appearance of the cells. Cysteine and glutathione are equally as effective as cystine in promoting the growth of U12-705. None of the D-enantiomorphs of the essential amino acids will effectively replace the corresponding L-isomer. Single D-amino acids are not inhibitory when added to the medium in 5 times the concentration of the L-amino acid. The minimum concentrations of essential amino acids which permit optimal proliferation under the conditions employed range from 0.005 to 0.5 mM. Essential amino acids with the exception of glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, and valine are toxic for U12-705 when employed at a concentration of 5 mM. Toxic manifestations vary with the amino acid and range from cytologic changes in the cells without a significant decrease in the growth rate to complete inhibition of growth and extensive cellular degeneration.

The Amino Acids Required for Egg Production in Aedes aegypti

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Dimond ◽  
A. O. Lea ◽  
W. F. Hahnert ◽  
D. M. DeLong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Immature Form

Since the monumental work of Rose (1938) on the essential amino acids for growth in the rat, similar studies have been made on other vertebrates. It has been shown that most of these animals have the same pattern of amino acid requirements for growth of the immature form and for maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium in the adult. The amino acids usually required are arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophane, and valine. These studies have been adequately reviewed in recent texts (Bourne and Kidder 1953, Albanese 1950).

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