scholarly journals 'Awareness' in metamorphosing pupae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Timothy C. Hawes
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Pharate Adult

Neurobiological studies of model insect species have established that the nervous system retains some larval innervations, remodels others, and develops other new adult innervations during metamorphosis. Using a simple behavioral response – the ability to ‘kick’ by pupae of the pierid, Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775) - it was possible to assay for the retention of environmental awareness during ontogenetic reorganization. All pupae kicked 24h after ecdysis, 48% of pupae kicked at the pharate adult stage, and 28% of pupae kicked every day of their development (6.52 d ± 0.10). Both the mode and temporal expression of the response indicate that this retained awareness has larval origins. Variability in the response supports the inference that this response is mediated, to some extent, by prior experience rather than purely ‘reflex’. This is consistent with a Darwinian explanation of the behavior (and retained environmental awareness itself) as serving a protective function in pupae.

scholarly journals Sight of parasitoid wasps accelerates sexual behavior and upregulates a micropeptide gene in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimaa A. M. Ebrahim ◽  
Gaëlle J. S. Talross ◽  
John R. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Vast Range

AbstractParasitoid wasps inflict widespread death upon the insect world. Hundreds of thousands of parasitoid wasp species kill a vast range of insect species. Insects have evolved defensive responses to the threat of wasps, some cellular and some behavioral. Here we find an unexpected response of adult Drosophila to the presence of certain parasitoid wasps: accelerated mating behavior. Flies exposed to certain wasp species begin mating more quickly. The effect is mediated via changes in the behavior of the female fly and depends on visual perception. The sight of wasps induces the dramatic upregulation in the fly nervous system of a gene that encodes a 41-amino acid micropeptide. Mutational analysis reveals that the gene is essential to the behavioral response of the fly. Our work provides a foundation for further exploration of how the activation of visual circuits by the sight of a wasp alters both sexual behavior and gene expression.

scholarly journals SMARTIES Project: The Survey of Needs for Municipalities and Trainers for Smart Cities

Challenges ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
George Xydis ◽  
Luca Pagliaricci ◽  
Živilė Paužaitė ◽  
Vygintas Grinis ◽  
Gyula Sallai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Subject

In an aim to contribute to already existing knowledge upon the subject of smart cities and the public sector’s wider knowledge in Europe, this study investigates the perception by the municipalities and the wider public sector, responsible for implementing smart solutions in the environment. The understanding of the concept of smart cities/villages by municipalities is on a low level due to the fact that the problem is too wide, not well described, solutions even wider, accompanied by the lack of experts able to offer comprehensive solutions to municipalities. The study presents factors according to the current municipalities’ knowledge (environmental awareness, knowledge and prior experience) and the existing market, of whether these factors can be said that affect the acceptance of smart cities. The public is already aware of the smart cities as a general concept, however, the study sheds light upon the established knowledge that the decision makers have in five countries, Hungary, Slovakia, Italy, Lithuania, and Denmark.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal expression of Prospero is finely tuned to allow the correct development and function of the nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster

2007 ◽  
Vol 304 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laure Guenin ◽  
Yaël Grosjean ◽  
Stéphane Fraichard ◽  
Angel Acebes ◽  
Fawzia Baba-Aissa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Function

THE IMMATURE STAGES OF PTYCHOPTERA LENIS LENIS (DIPTERA: PTYCHOPTERIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THEIR BIOLOGY

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (8) ◽  
pp. 1091-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Hodkinson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Pharate Adult

AbstractThe four larval instars and the pupa of Ptychoptera lenis lenis Osten Sacken are described. Instars 2 to 4 are very similar morphologically but instar 1 is markedly different. Both a pharate pupal and a pharate adult stage were observed. Larvae are found in stagnant marginal areas of ponds where water depth does not exceed 4 cm and where benthic deposits of plant detritus exceed 8 cm. Fourth instar larvae, under experimental conditions, survived up to 45 days without contact with atmospheric oxygen but development was arrested. P. lenis has a 1 year life cycle with an extended adult emergence season from late May to the end of July.

scholarly journals Novel Temporal Expression Patterns of EBF-Binding Proteins in Wing Morphs of The Grain Aphid Sitobion miscanthi

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Zhang ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Xin Jiang ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Yaoguo Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Grain Aphid ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Temporal Expression Pattern ◽  
Odorant Binding

High chemosensitivity of insects to volatile organic compounds (VOC) stimuli is mediated by odorant binding proteins (OBPs). In aphids, three OBPs (OBP3, OBP7 and OBP9) are E-β-farnesene (EBF)-binding proteins. Winged aphids are generally more sensitive than wingless aphids to VOCs, thus, wing presence is a phenotypic correlate of olfaction sensitivity. Here, we investigate the detailed temporal expression of these EBF-binding proteins and two other OBPs (OBP6 and OBP10), in the grain aphid Sitobion miscanthi 0 h, 2 h, 1 day, 3 days, 10 days, and 20 days after adult emergence. Both winged and wingless aphids were examined to further uncover phenotypic specification. Then, the expression patterns before and after EBF induction were analyzed. Throughout adulthood, only OBP7 had significantly higher antennal expression in winged aphids; however, there was no significant difference in the antennal expression of OBP3 between wing morphs at most time points. Except it was lower in newly emerged winged aphids but increased rapidly to the same level in wingless aphids at 1 day. OBP9 did not differ in expression between the morphs and was the only OBP that did not exhibit an expression trough at the beginning of the adult stage (0 h). The expression of OBP9 remained relatively stable and high throughout the adult stage in both phenotypes, showing the highest level among the three EBF-binding proteins. After EBF induction, its expression was further up-regulated in both morphs. Therefore, this protein may be an important molecule for EBF recognition in aphids. OBP7 strongly responded to EBF but only in winged aphids, suggesting that this protein is important in the more sensitive EBF recognition process of winged aphids. In addition, the antennal expression level of OBP3 did not respond to EBF induction. These findings revealed a temporal expression pattern of OBPs in aphids and showed that figuring out the pattern is critical for correctly selecting morphs and sampling times, which will support the discovery of reliable findings and allow solid conclusions to be drawn. Our findings also inspire on the interaction mode of the three EBF-binding proteins in relation to EBF perception in aphids.

The spiracular gill of the fly Eutanyderus (Tanyderidae)

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
HE Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Adult Stage ◽  
Living Animal ◽  
Pharate Adult

The structure of the spiracular gills of Eutanyderus (Tanyderidae) is described. The surface of the gill bears a plastron that opens into the spiracular atrium at the base of the gill. Blood and epidermis are present in the gill lumen in the pharate adult stage. These tissues are completely isolated from the living animal at the pupal-adult moult. Although the cuticle of the spiracular gills is relatively thick, it is not rigid and the spiracular gills are flattened even when exposed to relative humidities as high as 70 %, and it is suggested that turgidity in the living gill is achieved by the absorption of water by the isolated tissue.

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