scholarly journals Spatial scale effects in environmental risk-factor modelling for diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram K. Raghavan ◽  
Karen M. Brenner ◽  
John A. Jr. Harrington ◽  
James J. Higgins ◽  
Kenneth R. Harkin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Environmental Risk Factor

scholarly journals AB0925-PARE A NARRATIVE REVIEW ASSESSING THE ROLE OF DIETARY SALT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR FOR THE ONSET AND SEVERITY OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1484.1-1484
Author(s):  
S. Ahmed ◽  
E. Nikiphorou ◽  
J. Bayliss
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Environmental Risk Factor ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Salt Consumption

Background:The role of dietary salt consumption in the etiopathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), and autoimmune disease in general, has received renewed interest. This has been fueled by the increased prevalence of autoimmune disease worldwide correlating with western diets and heightened consumption of salt rich foods and also studies at the cellular level demonstrating induction of IL 17 producing T helper cells (Th17) by dietary salt.Objectives:To conduct a narrative review of observational studies and clinical trials on the role of dietary salt as an environmental risk factor for the onset and development of RA.Methods:A comprehensive search was done of the literature from 2010 to 2021, using the search terms dietary salt and RA; the native interfaces EBSCO and Ovid were used. Databases searched included Pubmed, Embase, EMCare, Medline and CINAHL using a Population, Exposure and Outcome framework; the MESH terms RA, risk factors, nutrition and salt were used. Data was extracted by an independent reviewer.Results:Out of the 72 studies initially identified, 50 were included in this review. Studies in murine models have demonstrated that high concentrations of sodium chloride promote the differentiation of T helper lymphocytes, via the serum- and glucocorticoid- inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) mediator towards the proinflammatory Th17 driven immune response. Six studies were carried out in human subjects. Study design ranged from cross sectional observational to nested case control studies. Sodium intake amongst participants characterized as having high intake, or being placed in the higher quartiles, ranged from 4.5-5grams per day. 5 out of 6 studies demonstrated that increased dietary salt consumption is associated with earlier onset RA. One study suggested an association between high salt intake and erosive disease at diagnosis and the development of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), although evidence was weak and from a single study only. Another study found that increased consumption of salt was only associated with risk of RA in smokers, highlighting the need to explore confounding variables further.Conclusion:This narrative review of the literature provides some evidence that supports a role of excess dietary salt consumption as a risk factor for the onset and severity of RA.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Brain Structure Correlates of Urban Upbringing, an Environmental Risk Factor for Schizophrenia

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Haddad ◽  
A. Schafer ◽  
F. Streit ◽  
F. Lederbogen ◽  
O. Grimm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Environmental Risk Factor

scholarly journals Valproic Acid in Autism Spectrum Disorder: From an Environmental Risk Factor to a Reliable Animal Model

10.5772/54824 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmem Gottfried ◽  
Victorio Bambini-Junior ◽  
Diego Baronio ◽  
Geancarlo Zanatta ◽  
Roberta Bristot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Environmental Risk Factor

scholarly journals Multi-omics analysis reveals the influence of genetic and environmental risk factors on developing gut microbiota in infants at risk of celiac disease

Microbiome ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen M. Leonard ◽  
◽  
Hiren Karathia ◽  
Meritxell Pujolassos ◽  
Jacopo Troisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk Factor ◽  
Cesarean Section Delivery

Abstract Background Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune digestive disorder that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals in response to ingesting gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Research shows that genetic predisposition and exposure to gluten are necessary but not sufficient to trigger the development of CD. This suggests that exposure to other environmental stimuli early in life, e.g., cesarean section delivery and exposure to antibiotics or formula feeding, may also play a key role in CD pathogenesis through yet unknown mechanisms. Here, we use multi-omics analysis to investigate how genetic and early environmental risk factors alter the development of the gut microbiota in infants at risk of CD. Results Toward this end, we selected 31 infants from a large-scale prospective birth cohort study of infants with a first-degree relative with CD. We then performed rigorous multivariate association, cross-sectional, and longitudinal analyses using metagenomic and metabolomic data collected at birth, 3 months and 6 months of age to explore the impact of genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors on the gut microbiota composition, function, and metabolome prior to the introduction of trigger (gluten). These analyses revealed several microbial species, functional pathways, and metabolites that are associated with each genetic and environmental risk factor or that are differentially abundant between environmentally exposed and non-exposed infants or between time points. Among our significant findings, we found that cesarean section delivery is associated with a decreased abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides dorei and of folate biosynthesis pathway and with an increased abundance of hydroxyphenylacetic acid, alterations that are implicated in immune system dysfunction and inflammatory conditions. Additionally, longitudinal analysis revealed that, in infants not exposed to any environmental risk factor, the abundances of Bacteroides uniformis and of metabolite 3-3-hydroxyphenylproprionic acid increase over time, while those for lipoic acid and methane metabolism pathways decrease, patterns that are linked to beneficial immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions Overall, our study provides unprecedented insights into major taxonomic and functional shifts in the developing gut microbiota of infants at risk of CD linking genetic and environmental risk factors to detrimental immunomodulatory and inflammatory effects.

scholarly journals Air pollution, a rising environmental risk factor for cognition, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: The clinical impact on children and beyond

2016 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Calderón-Garcidueñas ◽  
E. Leray ◽  
P. Heydarpour ◽  
R. Torres-Jardón ◽  
J. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
Environmental Risk Factor

Psychotic reactions to daily life stress and dopamine function in people with severe hearing impairment

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1665-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gevonden ◽  
I. Myin-Germeys ◽  
W. van den Brink ◽  
J. van Os ◽  
J. P. Selten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Environmental Risk Factor ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Da Release

Background.Minor stresses measured in daily life have repeatedly been associated with increased momentary psychotic experiences, both in individuals with psychotic disorders and in persons who are genetically at an increased risk for these disorders. Severe hearing impairment (SHI) is an environmental risk factor for psychotic disorder, possibly due to the experience of social exclusion. The aim of the current study is to investigate whether people with SHI exhibit higher levels of psychotic reactivity to social stressors in daily life than normal-hearing controls and whether this reactivity is associated with decreased baseline dopamine (DA) D2/3receptor availability and/or elevated DA release following a dexamphetamine challenge.Method.We conducted an experience sampling study in 15 young adults with SHI and 19 matched normal-hearing controls who had previously participated in a single photon emission computed tomography study measuring DA D2/3receptor availability and DA release in response to dexamphetamine.Results.The association between social stress and momentary psychotic experiences in daily life was stronger among SHI participants than among normal-hearing controls. Interactions between social stress and baseline striatal DA D2/3receptor availability or DA release were not significant in multilevel models of momentary psychotic experiences including age, sex and tobacco use.Conclusions.While both elevated striatal DA release and elevated psychotic stress reactivity have been found in the same population defined by an environmental risk factor, SHI, their inter-relationship cannot be established. Further research is warranted to clarify the association between biological and psychological endophenotypes and psychosis risk.

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