scholarly journals TESTI EPIGRAFICI E SOCIOLINGUISTICA STORICA: LE ‘DEFIXIONES’ SANNITE

2007 ◽  
pp. 29-61
Author(s):  
Marco Mancini
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Point Of View

This paper aims at distinguishing what pertains to stylistic varieties and what to sociolects in historical linguistics. Several texts in Oscan language containing curses (defixiones), both in enchoric and Greek scripts, have been analyzed, in order to ascertain the efficacy of modern sociolinguistic categories within a traditional diachronic frame. On the grounds of thorough inspection of specific markers, such as the presence of right dislocation, the dropping of final /m/, of anteconsonantal /n/, of final /d/ and of semiconsonantal /j/ in the long diphthong /o:j/, all occurring in the so-called Vibia’s curse, the defixio Vetter 6 is interpreted as a typical product of a low variety of Oscan from the sole diastratic point of view.

Notes on some words meaning “immediately” in Middle Indo-Aryan

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Schwarzschild
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Development ◽  
First Words

One of the major advantages of the study of synonyms is that it provides a link between descriptive and historical linguistics. In Professor Ullmann's words: “Synonymic structure implies the formation of associative groups between senses on the ‘langue’ level. The firmness and constancy of such associations can best be gauged from the diachronistic developments which they may initiate.” Among the first words to be studied from this point of view were the Middle English adverbs which meant “swiftly” and later “immediately”. Words of this meaning are of interest also in Middle Indo-Aryan where they form a closely-knit group. This is proved by their formal as well as their semantic development.

Friedrich Engels Zwischen Anthropologie und Sprachwissenschaft

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Ramat
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Evolution Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Global Science ◽  
German Dialects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Friedrich Engels

Summary The author aims to show that Friedrich Engels’ linguistic researches, especially in his Der fränkische Dialekt, are to be considered within the same theoretical framework of historic materialism which underlies his more comprehensive studies on the history of primitive peoples, such as the ancient Germanic or Celtic tribes. The main difference, however, between Engels’ so-cio-anthropological and his linguistic studies is that for the latter he did not elaborate an evolution model based on the theories of Darwin or L. H. Morgan, for instance, which clearly underlie the former. On the contrary, Engels’ linguistic investigation of his own dialect is ‘data-oriented’ in a very pragmatic way. This is to be seen also as a reaction against the rigid schematism of the neogrammarian school; thus Engels polemicizes against Wilhelm Braune who took the second consonant shift as the only and conclusive criterion for classifying the German dialects. Nevertheless repeated statements in Engels’ correspondence and other writings make it clear that he was fully aware of the fact that historical linguistics – and especially the comparative method – had inaugurated a new chapter in the history of language study. Parallels between Engels’ linguistic investigations and his socio-anthropological studies can be shown to exist not at the more superficial level of techniques of analysis, but rather at a deeper one: both are part of a global ‘science of man’ and to be based on a materialistic and dialectic point of view.

The Impact of Contact Languages on the Degrammaticalization of the Hebrew Definite Article

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 283-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edit Doron ◽  
Irit Meir
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Internal Change ◽  
The Impact

The Hebrew articleha- is apparently undergoing a process of degrammaticalization within Modern Hebrew. Its distribution has been changing in a particular direction that is unexpected from the point of view of historical linguistics. Whereas in Classical Hebrew it was found with a limited number of lexical items, it now attaches to a variety of phrases. This change is indicative of a change in its morpho-syntactic category: it is becoming more a clitic than an affix. The morpho-syntactic change is accompanied by a semantic change; its function is to mark the definiteness of the phrase it attaches to, rather than being part of the Classical Hebrew state system. We propose that the change has its roots in a language-internal change that affected the periphrastic genitive construction of Mishnaic Hebrew and was enhanced through several phases of language contact such as the contact of Medieval Hebrew with Arabic and the contact of nineteenth-century Hasidic Hebrew with Yiddish.

scholarly journals On the treatment of super-heavy syllables in Arabic Dialects: an Optimality Theoretic approach to historical typology

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 33-67
Author(s):  
Hassan Bokhari
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Theoretic Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Difference ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Arabic Dialects

This study provides a historical typological Optimality Theoretic analysis of the treatment of potential super-heavy syllables in six Arabic varieties: Hijazi, Egyptian, Emirati, Kuwaiti, Algerian, and Palestinian. The analysis in this study uses the same violable OT constraints for all languages, and the differences between the grammars are represented by the order in which the constraints are ranked relative to one another. The similarities and differences between these varieties are examined from the point of view of one approach to historical OT (Cho 1998), which states that individual pairs of constraints may be ranked or unranked in relation to one another, one operation at a time, meaning that switching the order of two constraints takes two steps historically. According to Cho (1998, 45), “each step of a sound change should be viewed as a change in the ranking of constraints.” Cho’s approach in detecting the historical typological differences between varieties by counting the steps of constraint reranking is compatible with a common approach to historical linguistics. Specifically, Wichmann et al. (2010) provide a quantitative method for determining the geographic homeland of a group of related languages, which takes into account a simple linguistic-difference metric and the geographic distance between the languages. Using constraint reranking in place of Wichmann et al.’s linguistic-difference metric to calculate the homeland of Arabic dialects results in an area around Hijaz as the homeland of Arabic dialects, since Hijazi, Egyptian and Emirati dialects form a cluster of geographically close, but linguistically diverse dialects.

scholarly journals ON THE ISSUE OF THE METHODOLOGY OF O. O. POTEBNIA’S RESEARCHES

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Glushchenko
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Historiography

The main goal of the presented article is the analysis of M. M. Sokolov’s methodological conclusions about O. O. Potebnia’s scientific legacy from the point of view of their objectivity and faithfulness, particularly, to what extent the true achievements and drawbacks of O. O. Potebnia’s historic and phonetic works have been rendered. The tasks of the research included the following: to explain the meaning of M. M. Sokolov’s statements concerning the interpretation of O. O. Potebnia’s views on the genetic ties between languages, the phonetic laws and analogy. There has been also made an attempt to assess M. M. Sokolov’s definitions from the point of view of modern methodology, linguistic historiography and comparative linguistics. In our opinion, the suggested by M. M. Sokolov critical review of O. O. Potebnia’s views on the genetic ties between the languages, the phonetic laws and analogy is one-sided and simplified. The findings of the research have proved that the interconnection between the East-Slavic and Old Slavonic languages was described in O. O. Potebnia’s works from the point of view of the comparative historic method. O. O. Potebnia studied the interconnected phonetic laws which in his interpretation were postulated as exact, true not only for separate sounds but also their features (the conception of the “qualitative consonant shifts”). The critical review of M. M. Sokolov ’s judgments was predetermined by the fact that the scholar treated O. O. Potebnia’s historic and phonetic legacy not from the point of view of historical linguistics but according to “the assimilation of the past”. The theses postulated by M. M. Sokolov didn’t reflect the views of other representatives of Moscow linguistic school. The perspective of the further research is seen in the more detailed study of O. O. Potebnia’s scientific legacy as well as views of other representatives of Kharkiv linguistic school in the context of the linguistics of XIX cent. — early XXІ cent.

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Apply Geophysics ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

How a sheperd guides a sheep herd?

1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 331-337
Author(s):  
Richard Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Single Ring ◽  
Damping Effects ◽  
Ring Particle

ABSTRACTThe mechanism by which a shepherd satellite exerts a confining torque on a ring is considered from the point of view of a single ring particle. It is still not clear how one might most meaningfully include damping effects and other collisional processes into this type of approach to the problem.

The growth of mica polytypes as studied by conventional and high-resolution TEM

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 174-177
Author(s):  
A. Baronnet ◽  
M. Amouric
Keyword(s):  
Water Pressure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Long Period ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Layer Stacking ◽  
Experimental Works ◽  
Potential Use

The origin of mica polytypes has long been a challenging problem for crystal- lographers, mineralogists and petrologists. From the petrological point of view, interest in this field arose from the potential use of layer stacking data to furnish further informations about equilibrium and/or kinetic conditions prevailing during the crystallization of the widespread mica-bearing rocks. From the compilation of previous experimental works dealing with the occurrence domains of the various mica "polymorphs" (1Mr, 1M, 2M1, 2M2 and 3T) within water-pressure vs temperature fields, it became clear that most of these modifications should be considered as metastable for a fixed mica species. Furthermore, the natural occurrence of long-period (or complex) polytypes could not be accounted for by phase considerations. This highlighted the need of a more detailed kinetic approach of the problem and, in particular, of the role growth mechanisms of basal faces could play in this crystallographic phenomenon.

Radiation Damage in Ceramics

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 600-603
Author(s):  
T. E. Mitchell ◽  
M. R. Pascucci ◽  
R. A. Youngman
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nuclear Waste Storage ◽  
Waste Storage ◽  
Storage Media ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fundamental Point ◽  
Small Defect ◽  
Present Understanding

1. Introduction. Studies of radiation damage in ceramics are of interest not only from a fundamental point of view but also because it is important to understand the behavior of ceramics in various practical radiation enyironments- fission and fusion reactors, nuclear waste storage media, ion-implantation devices, outer space, etc. A great deal of work has been done on the spectroscopy of point defects and small defect clusters in ceramics, but relatively little has been performed on defect agglomeration using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the same kind of detail that has been so successful in metals. This article will assess our present understanding of radiation damage in ceramics with illustrations using results obtained from the authors' work.

Structural aspects of osmoregulation in porphyra

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-413
Author(s):  
C. Wiencke ◽  
A. Lauchli
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chemical Fixation ◽  
Cellular Organization ◽  
Osmotic Adaptation ◽  
Osmotic Balance ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Osmotic Agents ◽  
Vacuolar System ◽  
Structural Aspects

Osmoregulatory mechanisms in algae were investigated mainly from a physiological point of view (KAUSS 1977, HELLEBUST 1976). In Porphyra two osmotic agents, i. e. floridoside/isofloridoside (KAUSS 1968) and certain ions, such as K+ and Na+(EPPLEY et al. 1960) are considered for osmotic balance. Accumulations of ions (particularly Na+) in the cytoplasm during osmotic adaptation is improbable, because the activity of enzymes is generally inhibited by high ionic concentrations (FLOWERS et al. 1977).The cellular organization of Porphyra was studied with special emphasis on the development of the vacuolar system under different hyperosmotic conditions. Porphyra was cultivated at various strengths of the culture medium ASP 12 (PROVASOLI 1961) ranging from normal to 6 times concentrated (6x) culture medium. Por electron microscopy freeze fracturing was used (specimens fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and incubated in 30% glycerol, preparation in a BALZERS BA 360 M apparatus), because chemical fixation gave poor results.

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