scholarly journals Il risarcimento del danno per la perdita del “diritto al godimento del rapporto parentale” in favore della figlia che al momento del fatto non era ancora nata Nota in margine alla Sentenza della Corte di Cassazione n. 9700 del 3 maggio 2011

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Casini

Il contributo prende in esame una recente decisione della Corte di Cassazione (n. 9700 del 2009) che, giunge a conclusioni opposte a quelle dei giudici di primo e secondo grado. Essa, infatti, dispone che “anche il soggetto nato dopo la morte del padre naturale, verificatasi durante la gestazione per fatto illecito di un terzo, ha diritto nei confronti del responsabile al risarcimento del danno per la perdita del relativo rapporto e per i pregiudizi di natura non patrimoniale e patrimoniale che gli siano derivati”. Tuttavia, la Corte di Cassazione, nelle motivazioni, esclude “l’esigenza di ravvisare la soggettività giuridica del concepito per affermare la titolarità di un diritto in capo al nato” e ritiene che “del rapporto col padre e di tutto quanto quel rapporto comporta la figlia è stata privata nascendo, non prima che nascesse”. Su queste ed altre affermazioni vengono mosse alcune critiche da parte dell’ A. anche alla luce di un’ altra importante sentenza della Cassazione (n. 10741 del 2009). Quest’ultima, in base ad una serie di norme richiamate nella decisione, chiarisce che “in tale contesto, il nascituro o concepito risulta comunque dotato di autonoma soggettività giuridica (…) perché titolare, sul piano sostanziale, di alcuni interessi personali in via diretta, quali il diritto alla vita, il diritto alla salute o integrità psico-fisica, il diritto all’onore o alla reputazione, il diritto all’identità personale, rispetto ai quali- l’avverarsi della condicio iuris della nascita ex art. 1, 2 comma, c.c. (…) è condizione imprescindibile per la loro azionabilità in giudizio a fini risarcitori; su tale punto non può non rilevarsi come la questione della soggettività del concepito sia stata già posta più volte all’attenzione del legislatore italiano con alcuni disegni e proposte di legge”. Di qui l’importanza della proposta lanciata dal Movimento per la Vita fin dal 1995 di modificare l’art. 1 del Codice civile. ---------- This article examines the Court of Cassation’s recent decision (n. 9700 of 2011) which reached opposite conclusions compared to those of the first and second Tribunal. This decision states that “the subject born after his natural father’s death, caused during pregnancy by illicit means committed by a third party, has the right to demand compensation from the party for damages from both loss of paternal relationship and loss of pecuniary and non-pecuniary benefits”. However, the Court of Cassation, in its deliberation, excludes “the need to recognize the legal subjectivity of the unborn child to assert the born child’s rights” and holds that “the daughter was deprived of her father and of all the things involved in its relationship at the moment of the birth, not before she was born”. Those and further affirmations are criticized by the A. in light of another very important decision of the Court of Cassation (n. 10741 of 2009). This statement, on the basis of several legal rules, clarifies that “in this context the unborn child has its own legal subjectivity (…) as direct holder of some personal interests like the right to life, right to health or psycho- physical integrity, right to honor or to reputation, right to personal identity, for those the condicio iuris of birth settled in the art. 1, 2 c. c. (…) is a condition to take legal action for compensation of damages. Regarding this point, the Italian Parliament has already introduced several draft bills.” Hence the importance of the proposal made by the Movimento per la Vita since 1995 to amend art. 1 of the Civil Code.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
Bartosz Zalewski

The aim of this article is to outline the arguments in favour of acknowledging an unborn child as a subject of constitutional law with the right to life (Article 38 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland). For this purpose, the article presents an overview of the case law of the Constitutional Tribunal as well as views of legal academics and commentators and judicial decisions concerning the right to life, the concept of subject of law, and the legal position of an unborn child. Furthermore, the article reviews the international law and the case law of international tribunals. Although the Constitutional Tribunal stipulates that every person, including an unborn child, is entitled to legal subjectivity (in the judgement on case No. K 26/96), it may seem that the reasoning in this judgement is still rejected in the literature regarding both constitutional and civil law.


Author(s):  
Lynn D. Wardle

The question of when a legal right to life first arises in the course of a human being’s development is pertinent to a variety of contexts, including protection of prenatal life from injury by persons other than the gestational mother, what to do with frozen embryos when the couple who created them divorces, and how to treat children born with severe disabilities, as well as the more familiar context of state regulation, restriction, or prohibition of abortion. This chapter first summarizes social and biological science findings relevant to this question, then details development of legal rules and constitutional doctrine pertaining to abortion regulation before contrasting that with protections for prenatal life in other contexts. It concludes that the most coherent answer to the question when a right to life arises is that the right to life is coextensive with the biological life of the human being, and that a legal right to remain alive arises when a human being comes into existence and continues until it ceases to be a human being—that is, when its life has ended. This might provide justification for greater restrictions on abortion, but that could depend on additional considerations.


Author(s):  
Olha Peresada ◽  

The article considers topical issues of definition and qualification of crimes against human life in Ukraine and abroad. It is proved that the problematic issue of criminal law protection of human life is a significant differentiation of approaches to determining the moment of its onset, which reflects the medical and social criteria for the formation of an individual who has the right to life. It is shown that Ukrainian criminal law gives a person the right to life from birth, while the correct approach is to recognize the beginning of human life and appropriate criminal protection from the moment of onset 10 days after conception, which is consistent with European experience (in particular, France) and sufficiently reflects the medical features of the period of formation of a full-fledged embryo. The article also addresses the issue of the fact that Section II of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine combines encroachment on two different generic objects - public relations for the protection of life and public relations for the protection of personal health. This provision of the criminal law of Ukraine does not correspond to the international practice on this issue. In addition, it is reasonable to believe that the two relevant categories of the object of criminal encroachment cannot be considered similar, as such an approach in certain cases can significantly complicate the classification of a criminal offense. It is emphasized that, given the exceptional importance of criminal law protection of human life, it is necessary to formulate a separate section of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which covers only crimes against life as the main object of criminal encroachment.


2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Judit Vörös

Nowadays in vitro fertilisation raises relevant controversies at the point of view of jurisprudence as well. The distinct approximations of in vitro embryos, such as to be considered as personae or objects, are also resources of several theoretical and pragmatical questions. It is essential to give a compendious summary about what kind of jurisprudental environment had been contributed to the intrumental comprehension of human embryos too, otherwise it is difficult to understand the scientific quandaries connected to the subject correctly. Merely thereafter the international and the Hungarian regulation of in vitro embryo’s status seems to able to be dissected, in particular the case-law of the Hungarian Constitutional Court related to the right to life and the constitutional funds of the oncurrent re-regulation in our country.


2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini ◽  
Marina Casini

Dopo vivacissisimi dibattiti e diverse decisioni giudiziarie, il Parlamento irlandese ha approvato nel luglio 2013 la legge sull’aborto Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act (2013) che però non ha fatto cessare le discussioni né sopito le inquietudini. Il contributo, supportato da un’ampia documentazione, si muove contemporaneamente su tre piani: vengono esaminati i profili giuridici (costituzionali, referendari, legislativi e giurisprudenziali) della storia dell’aborto in Irlanda, evidenziando gli aspetti che rendono peculiare la vicenda irlandese rispetto a quella degli altri Paesi europei; affronta la questione dello statuto giuridico dell’embrione umano nell’ordinamento irlandese sia nell’ambito dell’aborto, sia in quello della fecondazione artificiale (diffusa nella prassi e legittimata dalla giurisprudenza); offre interpretazioni e prospettive concrete per tutelare la vita umana sin dal momento della fecondazione in un contesto che, invece, tende a sottrarre la protezione nei primi 14 giorni di vita dell’embrione umano. One of us, l’iniziativa dei cittadini europei, promossa sulla base del Trattato di Lisbona, si presenta come una straordinaria occasione per svolgere un ruolo di contenimento delle possibili derive negative della legge recentemente approvata e per mantenere nella società la consapevolezza che la dignità umana è uguale per tutti gli esseri umani, così tutti, sin dal concepimento, sono titolari del diritto alla vita. I cittadini irlandesi potrebbero confermare con la vastità delle adesioni a “Uno di noi” la stessa volontà manifestata nei referendum del 1983, del 1997 e del 2002: “lo Stato riconosce il diritto alla vita del bambino che deve nascere”. ---------- After several lively debates and judicial decisions, the Irish parliament passed a law on abortion in July 2013 Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act (2013) which, however, has not put an end to the discussion or calmed anxieties. The contribution, supported by extensive documentation, moves simultaneously on three levels: 1. examining the legal aspects (constitutional, referendums, legislation and judicial decisions) of abortion’s history in Ireland highlighting those that make that history unique compared to other European countries; 2. dealing with the question of the legal status of the human embryo into the Irish legal system regarding both abortion, and artificial insemination (widely practiced and legitimized by law); 3. offers interpretations and concrete prospects for protecting human life from the moment of fertilization in a context which, however, tends to deprive human life of protection in the first 14 days of life. One of us, the European citizens’ initiative, promoted on the basis of the Treaty of Lisbon, is presented as an extraordinary opportunity to play a role in limiting the possible negative tendencies of the law recently passed and to maintain awareness in society that human dignity is the same for all human beings. So everyone, from conception, is entitled to the right to life. In particular, One of us gives Irish citizens the great chance to confirm the same desire expressed in the referenda of 1983, 1992 and 2002 – “The State acknowledges the right to life of the unborn child” – by signing in great numbers the “One of Us” citizen’s initiative.


1977 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Ogus ◽  
G. M. Richardson

The English lawyer has been notoriously unwilling to admit the relevance of social sciences to his discipline. In part, this may be attributed to his lack of formal training in economics or sociology. As regards the latter, there are some signs of the handicap being overcome: much current research effort is now being directed to the interpretation of law and the legal system as social phenomena. But the application of economic reasoning to legal instruments and institutions has been limited and tentative. Although it has long been recognised that a marriage of the two disciplines is necessary for the procreation of effective norms in areas where the law clearly governs economic activities, for example, the regulation of trade and income redistribution, so far, in this country at least, creative thinking about central legal institutions such as tort, contract, property and crime has remained relatively untouched by such a mode of analysis. Yet, as Americans have demonstrated, there is nothing inappropriate in such an exercise. At first sight the subject areas of economics and law will appear to diverge significantly: the former is “concerned with the manner in which a society produces, distributes and consumes wealth when it is constrained by scarcity, either of tangible resources or of intangible resources,” while the latter is often viewed as a system of norms governing the conduct of individuals and institutions. Yet such conduct will generally involve the transfer and acquisition of resources. With this congruence of interest, therefore, the opportunity exists to compare economic analysis with prevailing legal rules on particular issues to see whether the “right” solution is reached.


Author(s):  
Monique A. Bedasse

When Rastafarians began to petition the Tanzanian government for the “right of entry” in 1976, they benefitted from a history of linkages between Jamaica and Tanzania, facilitated largely by the personal and political friendship between Julius Nyerere and Prime Minister of Jamaica, Michael Manley. This is the subject of the third chapter, which provides essential context for the repatriation. The chapter begins by unearthing the pan-African politics of Michael Manley, which he constructed after appropriating Rastafarian symbols and consciousness into his political campaigns. It also puts a spotlight on the extent to which African leaders of newly independent states helped to define the pan-Africanism of this period by detailing the impact of Julius Nyerere on Manley’s thinking. Finally, it juxtaposes Manley’s acceptance in pan-African circles across Africa with his personal struggle over his own perceived distance from blackness, as a member of Jamaica’s “brown’ elite. In the end, Rastafari was absolutely central to generating the brand of politics surrounding race, color and class in the moment of decolonization. The history of repatriation transgresses analytical boundaries between state and nonstate actors.


2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 567-576
Author(s):  
Henri Brun

The Miller case, decided by the Supreme Court of Canada on October 5, 1976, puts the death penalty under the light of the Canadian Bill of Rights which formulates the right to life and the right to protection against cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. The following comment on the case relates to the interpretation given specific clauses of the Bill of Rights by the Court on that occasion. But it stresses especially the law that flows from the case about the compelling weight of the Bill of Rights over acts of Parliament enacted after the Bill came into force. In Miller, the Supreme Court expressed itself on the subject for the first time.


1987 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 699
Author(s):  
William Crotty ◽  
Robert J. Spitzer

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
Oleh OMELCHUK

The scientific article explores the influence of methods of protection of subjective civil rights on the dynamics of contractual binding legal relations. Scientific approaches to understanding the concepts of «protection» and «protection of civil rights» have been identified. Reference is made to the relevance of the concept of «protection of civil rights» as the application of a system of methods provided for by law aimed at «termination of violation, restoration or recognition of a civil right or compensation of damages caused to the entitled person». Features are described and the concept of ways to protect subjective civil rights is defined. The concepts of «means of protection» and «measures of protection» are distinguished. Special and general ways of civil rights are described. It is concluded that special ways of protecting civil rights are provided for in the legal rules governing specific legal relations, in particular with regard to contractual binding legal relations. It is determined that civil law grants every person the right to protection of his civil right in case of its violation, non-recognition or challenge. It is stated that certain types of contractual obligations apply means of protection, which are measures of liability. The relationship between «operational measures» and «methods of self-protection» has been studied, and it has been determined that operational measures are a form of self-protection methods, as they have a number of common features. It has been proven that any legal relationship is in the dynamics associated with legal facts from the moment of its occurrence to the moment of termination, which are mostly distant from each other in time and space. It is justified that both general and special ways of protecting civil rights are possible at the stage of the establishment of a contractual binding legal relationship. Along with the emergence of a legal relationship, the stages of change and termination of the legal relationship occupy a place.


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