La buona medicina sintesi di prudenza e sollecitudine: una riflessione a partire da Paul Ricoeur

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Russo

Parlare di buona medicina significa sottolineare la dimensione morale dell’atto medico, sottraendolo sia al legalismo sia al relativismo della scelta soggettiva. La deontologia, infatti, è esposta a un duplice rischio: quello di ridursi all’ambito della coscienza e pertanto al sistema di valori del medico o, al contrario, quello di trasformarsi in mero codice, assimilandosi così al diritto positivo. Nel primo caso, gli spazi di autonomia decisionale del medico o del paziente si allargano ingiustificatamente, mentre nel secondo si trasforma in un rapporto contrattuale quella che è una relazione intersoggettiva asimmetrica, pretendendo di cautelarsi da ogni rischio o di risolvere i contenziosi a colpi di diritto penale. Né l’una né l’altra immagine della deontologia tengono conto che l’incontro tra la professionalità del medico e la vulnerabilità del paziente ha nella cornice normativa una condizione necessaria ma non sufficiente, che deve essere completata e giustificata alla luce di un’etica delle virtù. Appare importante, dunque, la distinzione operata da Paul Ricoeur tra il giusto, il legale e l’equo, soprattutto in quelle circostanze che richiedono dal medico decisioni delicate in un contesto di incertezza o di grave conflittualità. È in questa prospettiva che si inserisce l’esercizio della prudenza o phrónesis, indispensabile per formulare un giudizio orientato alla scelta di quel meglio che è possibile nella circostanza specifica, conciliando il rigore della norma generale con la singolarità della situazione concreta. Nei saggi dedicati all’arte medica, Ricoeur traccia una vera e propria architettura dell’alleanza terapeutica, stratificandola in tre livelli: prudenziale, deontologico e teleologico. Il giudizio prudenziale è inseparabile da quelle garanzie deontologiche, che preservano la fragilità dell’alleanza terapeutica, minacciata da diverse istanze. D’altra parte, l’etica medica resta priva di giustificazione se non è ancorata a una precomprensione antropologica, che tenga conto dell’integrità e dignità della persona del paziente. ---------- Speaking of good medicine is a way to underline the moral dimension of the medical act and to subtract it both from any legalism and relativism of a subjective choice. In fact, deontology is exposed to a double risk: on the one hand, it can be reduced to private conscience and therefore to a scale of values of the doctor; on the other hand, it can be completely transformed and be assimilated into a code of positive laws. In the former case, the space for the decision-making autonomy of the doctor or the patient expands beyond any justifiable limit. In the latter case, deontology, which is actually an asymmetric interpersonal relation, becomes a purely contractual matter, where positive law is considered the only means for protecting oneself from risks and for solving any contentious by using legal proceeding. Neither the one nor the other concept of deontology consider that the professionalism of the doctor and the vulnerability of the patient move within a normative framework with conditions that are necessary but not sufficient, which has to be completed and justified in the light of virtue ethics. Therefore, Paul Ricoeur’s distinction between what is just, legal, and good proves to be of great importance, in particular in those uncertain and conflicting situations that demand delicate decisions from the doctor. It is in this context that prudence or phrónesis makes its appearance. In fact, prudence is indispensable to formulate a judgment that tends towards the best possible decision under specific circumstances, combining the rigor of the general norm with the singularity of the concrete situation. In his essays dedicated to medical art, Ricoeur is outlining something like a real architecture of therapeutic alliance, articulated in three moments: prudential, deontological, and theological. Prudential judgment is inseparable from deontology, which guarantees support and protects the vulnerability of the therapeutic alliance threatened by various requests. On the other hand, medical ethics is not justified if it is not based on an anthropological understanding respectful of the personal integrity and dignity of the patient.

2020 ◽  
pp. 427-451
Author(s):  
Jarosław Sobkowiak

e concept of the subjectivity of a person presented in this article has shownthat man as a subject appears in constant references and relations in which hisexistence is embedded. On the one hand, it escapes the determinism of nature,on the other hand, it reveals a certain crack between its nature and action. isleads to the conclusion that even if a person is characterised by individuality, itis not a separate existence. It seems justified to return to the question of whatmakes a person, in spite of both external and internal variability; they remain thesame or otherwise what builds and what destroys the subjectivity of the person?e question thus posed reveals the first threat to human subjectivity whichis the fact of the existence of evil. For it is not only something external to manbut also something that makes man both the “place” of the appearance of evil and responsible for evilB8. While staying in Ricoeur’s philosophy characterisedby a dialectical movement one can already see in the language discussing evila threat to certain “deposits of hope” present in his thoughtB<. For the religiouslanguage to which Ricoeur ultimately reduces the problem of evil is the languageof hope and eschatology. Freedom also takes on a new meaning in this context.It is no longer just something that has been enslaved but above all somethingthat is a “desire for the possible.” A possible freedom is the Resurrection. In thisperspective, even evil and suffering can find their ultimate meaning, and thesubjective character of morality does not threaten to fall into subjectivism.Moreover, it is in the name of such subjectivism that morality demands for thesubject this “otherness,” the hope that comes from the Resurrection.


1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-160
Author(s):  
Jérôme de Gramont

Every reader of Ricœur knows that hermeneutics endeavors to answer the aporiae of historical phenomenology. Hence arises the need to return to those aporiae and those answers. On the one hand, phenomenology, born with the maxim of going “directly to things themselves,” is confronted with the incessant evasion of the thing itself and with its dreams of presence being thereby shattered. This reversal should not be blamed on the failings of this or that thinker, but attributed to the very destiny of phenomenology itself. On the other hand, Ricœurian hermeneutics takes note of a gap (the very remoteness of the thing itself), and of a necessary return (to the thing of the text). Thus, there is nothing for thought itself to grieve over with respect to this enterprise. However, while the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, faced with the same difficulties, orients itself towards political philosophy, the hermeneutics of Ricœur rather seeks to lead us to a philosophy of religion. This article hypothesizes that, in spite of the formula (inherited from Thévenaz) of a “philosophy without an absolute,” the thought of Ricœur heads in fair measure towards the Absolute, and that ontology is not the only name of the Promised Land.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-66
Author(s):  
Josef Řídký

During the past fifty years, a dispute over the nature of historical discourse has taken place with the narrativist approach, arguing for the dominance of narration in history, on the one hand, and professional historians defending historiography's will to tell the truth, on the other. Paul Ricoeur entered the discussion with his work Time and Narrative where he offered an inventive response. According to him, both narration and scientific explication are essential to historical discourse. To support his statement, he introduces terms such as ‘a third time,‘ ‘a quasi-narration’ or ‘a historical consciousness.’ Thus, he shifts attention from narration to time. These terms can prove their usefulness when interpreting historical works. In the rest of the article, we aim to carry out such an interpretation on the example of Landscape and Memory by Simon Schama. In a Ricœurian perspective, Schama's book reveals its deep time significance.


2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Fernanda Henriques

This paper explores the thought of Paul Ricœur from a feminist point of view. My goal is to show that it is necessary to narrate differently the history of our culture – in particular, the history of philosophy – in order for wommen to attain a self-representation that is equal to that of men. I seek to show that Ricoeur’s philosophy – especially his approach to the topics of memory and history, on the one hand, and the human capacity for initiative, on the other hand– can support the idea that it is possible and legitimate to tell our history otherwise by envisioning a more accurate truth about ourselves. 


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-279
Author(s):  
Nabitatus Sa'adah

AbstractThis study aims to determine the review of tax dispute resolution through objection agencies. The method used in this study is normative legal research. The results of the study point out that First, the position of the tax objection institution, including one form of administrative effort, is recognized as being in the positive law of Indonesia, specifically to resolve an administrative dispute. Second, the position of the objection institution, on the one hand, is intended to accelerate the settlement of tax disputes, but on the other hand, has a weakness related to the objectivity of the decision considering the breaker is one of the parties that issued the decision. The suggestion of this research is that if the objection institution is seen as very important in its existence, especially in an effort to accelerate the settlement of tax disputes, the institution must be truly able to demonstrate its existence as an institution capable of providing objective dispute resolution. Breakers must uphold moral integrity so that they can produce fair decisions.Keywords: Tax Disputes, Objection Institutions, Legal SettlementAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tinjauan terhadap penyelesaian sengketa pajak  melalui  lembaga keberatan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian menujukan bahwa Pertama, Kedudukan lembaga keberatan pajak termasuk salah satu bentuk upaya administrasi  diakui keberadaannya dalam hukum positif  Indonesia khususnya untuk menyelesaikan suatu sengketa administrasi. Kedua, Kedudukan lembaga keberatan disatu sisi dimaksudkan untuk mempercepat penyelesaian sengketa pajak, tetapi disisi lain mempunyai kelemahan terkait keobyektifan putusan mengingat pemutus adalah salah satu pihak yang mengeluarkan putusan. Saran dari penelitian ini adalah apabila lembaga keberatan dipandang sangat penting keberadaannya khususnya dalam upaya mempercepat penyelesaian sengketa pajak maka lembaga tersebut harus betul-betul mampu menunjukkan eksistensinya sebagai lembaga yang mampu memberi penyelesaian sengketa yang obyektif. Pemutus harus menjunjung tinggi integritas moral sehingga mampu menghasilkan keputusan yang adil.Kata Kunci: Sengketa Pajak, Lembaga Keberatan, Penyelesaian Hukum


Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Martínez Martínez

A lo largo de la historia de la filosofía, el problema del mal ha sido enfocado o desde un punto de vista moralizante o desde un punto de vista metafísico, que difícilmente puede dar respuesta a la pregunta por el origen del mal radical en el hombre. Partiendo de la distinción entre mal sufrido y mal cometido o mal moral —que establece Paul Ricoeur—, se tratará de mostrar que el mal sufrido realmente no es un mal. Por su parte, la experiencia genuina del mal sufrido que se concreta en la pregunta al aire del justo sufriente nos permitirá, por un lado, deslindar las concepciones de sufrimiento y mal mediante el uso del concepto dolor, y por otro lado, una revisión antropológica del problema del mal, que cuadra perfectamente con la línea de propuesta de Paul Ricoeur, cuya teoría acerca de la experiencia del mal será comentada y ampliada desde un antropología trascendental, no desde una metafísica, ni desde la perspectiva simbólica de Ricoeur.Throughout the history of philosophy the problem of evil has been examined either from a moral or a metaphysical point of view, neither of which can answer the question of the radical origin of evil in human life. By distinguishing between suffered evil and committed or moral evil —a distinction that Paul Ricoeur established— we will try to show that suffered evil is not really an evil. On the one hand, the genuine experience of suffered evil, which takes form in the questions of the just man who suffers, will allow us to make a distinction between suffering and evil through the concept of pain. On the other hand, it will also help us to conduct an anthropologic review of the problem of evil. This approach fits perfectly with Paul Ricoeur’s line of thought, since his theory about the experience of evil will be studied and delved into through a transcendental anthropology, not from a metaphysical approach, and not from Ricoeur’s symbolic perspective.


2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102
Author(s):  
Eoin Carney

For Ricœur any study of Freud, or of psychoanalysis more generally, needs to take into account the crucial dimension of the analytic experience itself. Psychoanalysis, as a “mixed discourse,” aims to anticipate questions of meaning and explication alongside technical questions of energies, repression, displacement, and so on. The analytic experience is one which is practical and intersubjective, but which is also guided by various techniques or methods. These techniques, I will argue, should be understood as a type of techne, one which is less concerned with hermeneutic questions of meaning than with quasi-scientific questions of force, feedback, struggle, and process. The practice of psychoanalysis, on the other hand, deals with the ways in which these forces or drives become meaningful for a particular subject, and within a singular context or history. This article will aim to draw out both the interrelationship between techniques and practical understanding, and also the productive incommensurability between the two.


2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
René Thun

In his hermeneutic of the self, which he is working out in his Oneself as another, Ricœur writes about the constitutive conditions of conscience as a dimension of the experience of passivity. For the following considerations, I will argue that Ricœur is very right in maintaining the moral impact of the notion of conscience; but if we on the other hand remember older writings by Ricœur like Fallible Man we have to admit that something is missed in the chapter about conscience in Oneself as Another. And that means, that in Oneself as Another he neglects the affective dimension of conscience. This affective dimension is - I think - the notion of shame.Dans Soi-même comme un autre où s'élabore son herméneutique du soi, Paul Ricœur réfléchit sur les conditions constitutives de la conscience comme expérience de la passivité.  Pour les considerations suivantes, je souhaiterai montrer que Ricœur a tout à fait raison de plaider pour la dimension morale de la notion de conscience. Mais, d'un autre côté,si l'on se souvient des écrits plus anciens de Ricoeur sur l'Homme faillible, nous sommes tenus d'admettre que, au cours du chapitre sur la conscience dans Soi-même comme un autre, quelque chose est perdu de vue. Nous voulons signifier que, dans ce chapitre, il néglige la dimension affective de la conscience. Cette dimension affective est, nous semble-t-il, la notion de honte. 


2021 ◽  
pp. 163-184
Author(s):  
Viktor Vizgin

The article is devoted to the analysis of relations between the poetry and philosophy. The author based his argumentation on the brilliant Vladimir Veidle`s essay «The Embryology of Poetry», on the one hand, and the Paul Ricoeur`s article «Entre Gabriel Marcel et Jean Wahl», on the other hand. According to Veidle`s conception an embryo of poetry is a union of the onomatopoeie and the oximoron. The author of this article concludes that oximoron in the large sense occurs in the philosophical thinking but in the case of the onomatopoeie in is not possible. The common source of poetry and philosophy, according to Aristotle in his «Metaphysics», is an astonishment in front of the mystery of the world. The author argues the thesis that Platonism makes concordance between poetry and philosophy inevitable in spite of the furious attacks against the poets and poetry in the Plato`s dialogue «On the State».


Grotiana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82
Author(s):  
Bart Wauters

Abstract This article compares the views of Grotius and subsequent authors on the doctrines of necessity and strict liability. This comparison takes place at two levels. On the one hand, there is a comparison of the views of Grotius with those of Pufendorf, Smith, Kant and recent Kantian authors. On the other hand, there is a comparison between the doctrines of necessity and strict liability. This exercise leads to the conclusion that strict liability does not have to be a mere matter of choice opted for by positive law, but in some instances can also be thought of as a requirement of a private law framework expressing the fundamental moral equal freedom of man.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document