scholarly journals Goats as alternative hosts of cattle ticks

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nyangiwe ◽  
I.G. Horak
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Probability ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Chi Square Test

The objective of this study was to compare the presence on goats and cattle of adult ticks that usually infest cattle. To this end ticks collected from sets of five goats were compared with those collected from sets of five cattle at 72 communal dip-tanks in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province. Amblyomma hebraeum was present on goats at 25 and on cattle at 39 dip-tanks, and a total of 61 goats and 138 cattle were infested. Adult Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was present on goats at 48 and on cattle at 69 dip-tanks, and a total of 113 goats and 242 cattle were infested. The lengths of 84 of 148 female R. (Boophilus) microplus collected from the goats exceeded 5 mm or more, indicating that they could successfully engorge on these animals. The differences between the proportions of dip-tanks at which A. hebraeum or R. (Boophilus) microplus was present on goats and cattle and also between the proportions of goats and cattle that were infested were significant (Chi square test, P < 0.01). Adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was present on goats at 70 and on cattle at 67 dip-tanks, and a total of 296 goats and 271 cattle were infested. The proportion of dip-tanks at which cattle were infested did not differ significantly from the proportion of tanks at which goats were infested (Fischer's exact probability test, P = 0.44), but the proportion of infested cattle was significantly lower than the proportion of infested goats (Chi-square test, P < 0.05). Adult Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi was present on goats and cattle at all 72 sampling localities, and a total of 334 goats and 316 cattle were infested. The proportion of infested cattle was significantly lower than the proportion of infested goats (Chi-square test, P < 0.05). These results underscore the necessity of including goats in any tick control programme designed for cattle at the same locality.

scholarly journals The comparative prevalence of five ixodid tick species infesting cattle and goats in Maputo Province, Mozambique

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. De Matos ◽  
C. Sitoe ◽  
L. Neves ◽  
J.O. Nothling ◽  
I.G. Horak
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi

This study compares the prevalence of ixodid tick species on cattle and goats in Maputo Province. Adult ticks as well as the nymphs of three species, and only the adults of two species were collected from sets of five cattle at 21 localities throughout the province and compared with those collected from similar sets of goats at the same places. Amblyomma hebraeum adults and / or nymphs were present on cattle and on goats at all 21 localities, and 90 cattle and 22 goats were infested with adult ticks. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus adults and / or nymphs were collected from cattle at 20 and from goats at 15 localities, and 92 cattle and 34 goats were infested [Chi-square test (×2), P < 0.001]. The total length of several maturing female R. (Boophilus) microplus collected from cattle and goats exceeded 5 mm, indicating that they successfully engorge on both host species. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults and / or nymphs were present on cattle at 15 and on goats at 13 localities, but 28 cattle and only one goat were infested with adult ticks (×2, P < 0.001). Adult Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi were recovered from cattle at 20 and from goats at 17 localities, and 74 cattle and 69 goats were infested. Adult Rhipicephalus simus were collected from cattle at 18 and from goats at 11 localities (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.04), and 60 cattle and 14 goats were infested (×2, P < 0.001). These findings underscore the advisability of including goats in acaricide application programmes designed for the control of tick-borne diseases in cattle at the same locality.

scholarly journals The extent of acaricide resistance in 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks on communally grazed cattle in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ntondini ◽  
E.M.S.P. Van Dalen ◽  
I.G. Horak
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi

In order to determine the extent of acaricide resistance in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks were collected from cattle at 59 dip-tanks over a period of 2 years. These ticks were tested for resistance against 3 compounds, namely amitraz, cypermethrin and chlorfenvinphos. The Shaw Larval Immersion Test detected emerging resistance to amitraz in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus at 2 dip-tanks and resistance at a 3rd. It also revealed resistance in this tick to cypermethrin at 1 dip-tank and emerging resistance to chlorfenvinphos at 8 dip-tanks and resistance at 2. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi was susceptible to amitraz and cypermethrin at all dip-tanks, but showed emerging resistance to chlorfenvinphos at 7 dip-tanks and resistance at 4. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was susceptible to amitraz and chlorfenvinphos at all dip-tanks and demonstrated emerging resistance to cypermethrin at 1. With the exception of R. (B.) microplus, in which emerging resistance to amitraz was detected at 1 dip-tank by the Reproductive Estimate Test, all 3 tick species at all dip-tanks at which sufficient numbers of ticks had been collected were susceptible to the 3 acaracides in both the Egg Laying Test and the Reproductive Estimate Test. The localities at which acaricide resistance was recorded were mapped.

scholarly journals Species composition and geographic distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in a temperate and in a subtropical region of south-east Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I.G. Horak ◽  
N. Nyangiwe ◽  
C. De Matos ◽  
L. Neves
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Haemaphysalis Elliptica ◽  
Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi

The species and distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and Maputo Province, Mozambique were determined from collections made from these animals at 72 localities in the former region and 30 in the latter. Eleven ixodid and one argasid species were recovered in the Eastern Cape Province and 15 ixodid species in Maputo Province. The most common ticks infesting cattle and goats in both provinces were Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi. The dominant species on dogs were Haemaphysalis elliptica and Rhipicephalus simus. The geographic distributions of the major species and some of the minor species in both regions were plotted. The partial or complete displacement of the indigenous tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus by the introduced species R. (B.) microplus was a major feature of both surveys.

F-Test Alternatives to Fisher’s Exact Test and to the Chi-Square Test of Homogeneity in 2 × 2 Tables

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Overall ◽  
Robert R. Starbuck
Keyword(s):  
Beta Distribution ◽  
Binary Response ◽  
Binomial Model ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Probability ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Test Of Homogeneity ◽  
Chi Square Test

A binomial model is proposed for testing the significance of differences in binary response probabilities in two independent treatment groups. Without correction for continuity, the binomial statistic is essentially equivalent to Fisher’s exact probability. With correction for continuity, the binomial statistic approaches Pearson’s chi-square. Due to mutual dependence of the binomial and F distributions on the beta distribution, a simple F statistic can be used for computation instead of the binomial.

scholarly journals Environmental health community service: Confronting the human resource challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patience Mbola ◽  
Izanne S. Human ◽  
Paula E. Melariri
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Effective Selection ◽  
Chi Square Test

Orientation: The environmental health graduates are required to complete community service before they could be registered as independent practitioners by the Health Professions Council of South Africa. Community service programme serves as the mechanism to recruit healthcare professionals who will improve the provision of equitable and quality healthcare.Research purpose: The study aimed to explore, identify and describe the factors that had an influence on the effective selection, placement and utilisation of environmental health graduates as well as an evaluation of the effectiveness of community service.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted using self-administered questionnaires. The study included 24 environmental health practitioners who completed their community service and 10 environmental health practitioners responsible for coordinating community service in the municipal, provincial and national spheres of government in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa during 2013–2016. Purposive sample was drawn from each population. T-test and chi-square test were used to determine the statistical significant differences. The open-ended question responses from the structured questionnaire were qualitatively analysed by an independent coder.Main findings: The findings revealed major problems regarding the effective implementation of community service that included decreasing number of community service posts, inadequate material resources, lack of induction, inconsistent supervision, and a lack of evaluation of the community service.Contribution: The study findings suggest important inequalities that should deserve urgent attention. Study concludes by presenting recommendations for the improvement of the community service in the environmental health.

Selection of cattle for tick resistance, and the effect of herds of different susceptibility on Boophilus populations

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 974 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
In Parenthesis ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
Tick Resistance ◽  
Selection Of

Weekly counts of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) on 30 Australian Illawarra Shorthorn heifers enabled the cattle to be ranked in order of tick infestation, with highly significant correlations between counts of two observers and between counts of one observer on different occasions. In May 1960, when the heifers were 1½–2 years old, 12 were selected as relatively tick-resistant and 12 as relatively tick-susceptible. Each of these groups was divided at random into herds of six, and the four herds were then allotted randomly to separate paddocks, each onequarter of the area previously grazed. A herd was sprayed with 0.5% DDT emulsion when its average count of ticks (adult females over 5 mm in length) on one side of the animals exceeded 40. During the ensuing tick season, from October 5, 1960, to June 7, 1961, the sums of average weekly tick counts, and the numbers of sprayings (in parenthesis) were: susceptible herds 4853 (5) and 5962 (6): resistant herds 718 (0) and 1073 (1). Counts of tick larvae on defined body areas showed that, in the summer after segregation, resistant herds carried fewer larvae than the susceptible herds, apparently because fewer mature ticks fell from the resistant cattle in the preceding spring and winter. As a consequence of this, counts of adult ticks were comparatively lower after than before segregation. There was little or no 'spring rise' of tick infestation on the resistant herds. There was no significant correlation between tick resistance and coat score, sweat gland dimensions, or total skin thickness, but a correlation of -0.53 with follicle depth was significant at the 1% level. There was no evidence of adaptation of cattle ticks to the resistant animals, either in the field experiment or in observations on stalled cattle. The experiment draws attention to the appreciable proportion of tick-resistant animals within the Australian Illawarra Shorthorn breed, which has largely been overlooked in past discussions on tick-resistant breeds of cattle. It also suggests a technique for estimating the improvement in tick control that may be obtained by a given degree of selection within any breed, for any given environment.

Factors Lowering Levels of Rabies Vaccination: A case of Kibaha Town District of Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
F.M. Chikoondo ◽  
K.S. Majid ◽  
C.A.R. Mpelumbe-Ngeleja
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Dog Ownership ◽  
Rabies Control ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Rabies Vaccination ◽  
Linear Trends ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

A study was conducted in Kibaha Town Council of Pwani Region of Tanzania to survey the probable factors that negatively affected the anti-rabies vaccinations leading to low percent coverage in some selected wards. The data used in this study were gathered from households keeping dogs and cats and institutions, using a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews. Another set of data was the record of the rabies control programme at the district veterinary office. Analysis of the data was done using SPSS.16, Microsoft Excel 2007 and EpiInfoTM7. The enquiry instrument centred on three main fields, namely, knowledge of respondents about rabies, responsible dog ownership and their perception of issues pertaining to the conduct of the rabies control programme. The results showed that the last round of vaccination covered dogs for 57% of the sampled households in the selected wards. A huge percentage of the respondents (64%) kept the wrong perception that clinical rabies could be cured. Only 34% of the respondents indicated that they had been taught about rabies in a WHO project area. It was also learnt that there was an outbreak of rabies in the district after 2 years of consecutively vaccinating the dogs in the area. The Chi- square test for linear trends showed very highly significant statistical differences in the progression of numbers of dogs vaccinated over the years (p<0.05; = 0.0000). This study concludes that, lack of sufficient knowledge on rabies and negative attitude towards the control programme were the biggest drawbacks on the vaccination coverage.

scholarly journals Practice and Awareness Regarding Tobacco Consumption among Residents of the Hilly area of Eastern Region of Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Ram Bilakshan Shah ◽  
Laxmi Subedi ◽  
Nilambar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Introduction: Tobacco use is a global socio-economic hazard and medical malady. The incidence of tobacco is persisting and spreading in all walks of our modern society.Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among residents of Dhankuta Municipality where 205 households were taken as subjects. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the study subjects and face to face interview was conducted. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between pattern of tobacco use and awareness of tobacco use among residents of Dhankuta municipality.Results: The awareness towards tobacco use among residents of Dhankuta municipality was found to be 41 %. The awareness of tobacco consumption was significantly higher among the female (49 %) in gender and those whose education were School Leaving Certificate (SLC) and above (44.6 %) (P<0.05). The respondents consuming tobacco have forty times lesser chances of having aware as respondents not consuming tobacco (OR=0.025). The respondents consuming tobacco for more than 20 years (12.1 %) and more than 20 sticks per day (20 %) were more aware of tobacco consumption but the difference was not significant.Conclusions: The awareness towards tobacco use among residents of Dhankuta municipality was found to be less. Male in gender, lack of education and poor occupation like famer, housewife was found to be less aware of tobacco consumption. 

scholarly journals One-sample two-smear versus two-sample two-smear approach for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 135-139
Author(s):  
T. Jaya Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Sputum Sample ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of one-sputum sample two-smear approach for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from January 2012 to December 2015 were analyzed to find (1) number of smear positives (SPs) by spot (S) sample with one and two smears; (2) number of SPs by morning (M) sample with one and two smears; and (iii) number of SPs by two samples with two smears, that is, same-day (SS2) and spot morning (SM) approaches. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the statistical difference in SP cases. RESULTS: With one-sample two-smear approach, the smear positivity (SPT) was 87% and 87.5%, for S and M samples, respectively, for Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) staining; whereas, SPT was 96% and 97%, respectively, for S and M samples, for fluorescent staining (FS) technique. With two-sample two-smear approach, for ZN staining, SPT was 89% each and for FS technique, SPT was 97% and 99%, respectively, for SS2 and SM approaches. The difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) between one- and two-sample approaches in the staining techniques. CONCLUSION: Significant number of SP cases are identified by S sample two-smear approach. Thus, the World Health Organization/Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme can initiate S sample two-smear approach for the diagnosis of PT.

scholarly journals Treatment outcome of the retreatment tuberculosis patients under RNTCP in eastern Uttar Pradesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 2701
Author(s):  
Praveen B. Gautam ◽  
Ashwini Kumar Mishra ◽  
Santosh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: India has the highest tuberculosis (TB) burden in the world. The directly observed treatment strategy is the most systemic and cost-effective approach to the disease. Furthermore, understanding the reasons for treatment outcome is important for the improvement of treatment systems. The objective was to study the treatment outcome of retreatment tuberculosis patients under RNTCP in eastern UP.Methods: A longitudinal cohort study was undertaken among total 205 patients registered in category II under DOTS from June 2015 to May 2016. These patients were followed up to November 2016 till the completion of treatment. At the end of study period, treatment outcomes were analysed. The chi-square test was used to assess the statistical significance of each ratio. P<0.05 was considered significant.Results: Out of 205 re-treatment patients, 174 (84.4%) had pulmonary tuberculosis while 31 (15.1%) had extra-pulmonary TB. In the cohort of category II patients 93 (45.3%) were relapse, 58 (28.2%) belonged to others category, 31 (15.1%) were treatment after loss to follow-up and 23 (11.2%) were on treatment after failure. Maximum patients were male 133 (64.8%) and most of the patients were belonged to the age group of 20-40 years. Among retreatment cases the cure rate for relapse, treatment after failure, treatment after loss to follow-up and others cases were 74.1%, 60.8%, 35.4% and 55.1% respectively.Conclusions: The relapse cases were the most commonly found in the re-treatment category however these patients were more likely to be cured with the category II regimen and treatment after loss to follow-up had high risk of retreatment failure. Continuous monitoring, adherence and treatment completion are essential for controlling the need of retreatment as well as improvement of tuberculosis control programme. 

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