scholarly journals Prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in the arid zone in the Republic of Niger

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Souaibou Farougou ◽  
Mariama Gagara ◽  
Guy A. Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Republic

The study aimed to determine the prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in the arid zone (Niamey, Tillabéry and Tahoua) of the Republic of Niger. A serological survey was conducted and 519 serum samples were collected from 253 unvaccinated sheep and 266 unvaccinated goats. The sample included 340 female animals (168 sheep and 172 goats) and 160 kids and lambs (78 lambs and 82 kids). A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay yielded an overall seroprevalence of 45.0%. The prevalence in sheep was 42.0% compared with 47.9% in goats. The seroprevalence observed amongst small ruminants in Tahoua (49.8%) and Tillabéry (46.6%) was significantly higher (p = 0.001) than that observed in animals from Niamey (25.1%). It was also higher (p = 0.04) in sheep younger than two years (51.8%) than in adults (37.6%). Conversely, the seroprevalence showed no significant difference between male animals (35.8% in sheep; 50.1% in goats) and female animals (45.1% in sheep; 46.4% in goats). The prevalence of the disease observed amongst the sheep and goat populations confirms the continued danger of this disease in the areas studied. It is therefore necessary to develop strategies such as improving livestock services, providing effective vaccines and implementing a vaccination programme for an effective control of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals The First Seroprevalence Investigation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus among Sahel Goat in Yobe State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Babagana Alhaji Bukar ◽  
Abdul-Dahiru El-Yuguda ◽  
Lawal Said
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Seroprevalence Rate ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sahel Goat

Peste des petits ruminants is among the most common viral disease conditions of small ruminants, whose status has not yet been reported in Yobe State, Nigeria. Thus, this study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of this disease among Sahel goats in Yobe State, Nigeria, using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Out of 460 serum samples collected, 255/460 (55.4%) were positive for PPR antibodies. Seroprevalence rates of 56.1%, 55.4% and 54.6% were recorded in Bursari, Bade and Nangere Local Government Areas (LGAs) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) observed in the PPRV seroprevalence rates among the three LGAs. Sahel goats older than 18 months had a significantly higher (p<0.0001) Sero-prevalence of 65.2% compared to the 35.3% observed among younger ones (<18 months). The sex-wise distribution of the Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) seroprevalence rate showed that female Sahel goats had 60.0% and the males had 44.6%. The detection of the PPRV among Sahel goats from all the LGAs sampled suggests that PPRV is endemic in the study area. It is therefore recommended that PPR vaccination be instituted in the study areas.

scholarly journals Serological Investigation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in East Shewa and Arsi Zones, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Gari ◽  
Biressaw Serda ◽  
Dejene Negesa ◽  
Fethu Lemma ◽  
Hagos Asgedom
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Important Disease

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an economically important disease of small ruminants with a rapidly expanding geographical distribution. There are fragmented reports to the occurrence and distribution of the disease in Ethiopia. A total of 700 serum samples were collected from goats and sheep to detect the presence of antibody against PPR virus using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA). An overall PPR seropositivity was reported to be 48.43% in the area. There is no statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence of the disease between sheep and goats (50.85% and 46.68%), respectively. However, there was statistically significant variation (P<0.05) in the seroprevalence of the disease in young (33.9%) and adult (55.8%) age categories. The seroprevalence in male and female was 42.07% and 50.09%, respectively, where the variation was statistically not significant (P>0.05). High seroprevalence of Peste des petites ruminants in the study area indicated the virus circulation and endemicity of the disease. The disease causes substantial economic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmers. Therefore, control measures should be put in place to minimize the loss associated with the disease.

scholarly journals Development of a Novel Cocktail Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and a Field-Applicable Lateral-Flow Rapid Test for Diagnosis of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1557-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Heller ◽  
Nimmo Gicheru ◽  
Georgina Tjipura-Zaire ◽  
Cecilia Muriuki ◽  
Mingyan Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mycoplasma Mycoides ◽  
Sub Saharan

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a severe respiratory disease that is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused byMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoides, a bacterium belonging to theMycoplasma mycoidescluster. In the absence of an efficient CBPP vaccine, improved and easy-to-use diagnostic assays for recurrent testing combined with isolation and treatment of positive animals represent an option for CBPP control in Africa. Here we describe the comprehensive screening of 17 immunogenicMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoidesproteins using well-characterized bovine sera for the development of a novel cocktail enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for laboratory use. Two recombinantMycoplasmaimmunogens, MSC_0136 and MSC_0636, were used to set up a standardized cocktail ELISA protocol. According to the results from more than 100 serum samples tested, the sensitivity and specificity of the novel cocktail ELISA were 85.6% and 96.4%, respectively, with an overall diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE)-prescribed serological assays. In addition, we provide a proof of principle for a field-applicable, easy-to-use commercially produced prototype lateral-flow test for rapid (<30-min) diagnosis of CBPP.

scholarly journals Rapid Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang-Seuk Choi ◽  
Jin-Ju Nah ◽  
Young-Joon Ko ◽  
Shien-Young Kang ◽  
Nam-In Jo
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Rinderpest Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Relative Specificity

ABSTRACT Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious viral disease of small ruminants that is of economic importance in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. We developed a rapid competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rapid c-ELISA) for the diagnosis and surveillance of PPR. This assay detects PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies in serum samples by quantifying the amount of monoclonal antibody (MAb) P-3H12 after 30 min of incubation of a serum-MAb conjugate mixture on plates coated with a PPRV recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rPPRV-N). We tested 249 PPRV-positive serum samples and 733 PPRV-negative serum samples from field ruminants. The threshold of percent inhibition (PI) was determined to be <50 on the basis of the mean PI plus 3 standard deviations for sera from PPRV-negative ruminants. The relative specificity and sensitivity of the rapid c-ELISA were 98.5% (722 of 733 serum samples) and 93.4% (234 of 249 serum samples), respectively. The rapid c-ELISA sensitively detected PPRV antibodies in hyperimmune sera (virus neutralization test [VNT] titer, >512), even at dilutions ≥512 in normal goat serum, and as early as 6 to 13 days postinfection from 12 goats, each of which was infected with one of the four PPRV lineages. Hyperimmune sera from animals experimentally vaccinated with rinderpest virus gave positive results by the rapid c-ELISA when the rinderpest virus VNT titers were >512, although the rapid c-ELISA titers were very low (2 to 16). However, the rapid c-ELISA was negative when the rinderpest virus VNT titer was ≤128. The rapid c-ELISA developed in the present work provides a short turnaround time and could be a useful tool for the diagnosis of PPR and screening for PPRV in the field.

scholarly journals Serosurvey of peste des petits ruminants virus in small ruminants from different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Y. Woma ◽  
Pius S. Ekong ◽  
Dauda G. Bwala ◽  
John O. Ibu ◽  
Louisa Ta’ama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Peste des petits ruminants, caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), is a highly contagious and economically important transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild small ruminants and a major hindrance to small-ruminant production in Nigeria. The seroprevalence and distribution of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in rural households, farms, live animal markets and slaughter slabs across the six different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria were determined. A total of 4548 serum samples from 3489 goats and 1059 sheep were collected in 12 states. A PPRV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test the samples and the data analysed with R statistical software version 3.0.1. The study animals included all ages and both sexes. The overall prevalence estimate of sera positive for PPRV antibodies was 23.16% (n = 1018 positive samples per 4548 total samples, 95% confidence interval: 21.79% – 24.57%). There were significant differences in the seroprevalence between the states (p = 0.001). Taraba State had the highest seroprevalence of 29.51%, whilst the lowest seroprevalence of 14.52% was observed in Cross River State. There were no significant differences in the PPRV seroprevalence between male and female animals (p = 0.571), age (p = 0.323) and between species (p = 0.639). These data indicate the current seroprevalence to PPRV in the small-ruminant population in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Séroprévalence de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift chez les ruminants domestiques dans la région de Tahoua/Niger

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3023-3031
Author(s):  
Marietou Adamou Hama ◽  
Abdoulkarim Issa Ibrahim ◽  
Abdou Alassane ◽  
Haladou Gagara ◽  
Rianatou Bada Alambedji
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regional Project

L’épizoo-épidémie de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (FVR), survenue suite à une pluviométrie marquée par de fortes précipitations dans la région de Tahoua frontalière au département d’Ingal qui accueille l’événement de la cure salée chaque année, a engendré de nombreuses pertes en vies humaines. Au niveau du secteur animal, l’impact économique et sanitaire est également considérable, compte-tenu des lourdes pertes engendrées dans le cheptel. Ces pertes sont une forte mortalité chez les jeunes, des taux d’avortements élevés chez les femelles gravides et une baisse de la productivité des élevages touchés. Afin d’évaluer la séroprévalence de la FVR chez les ruminants de la région, des échantillons de sérums prélevés lors du seromonitoring des campagnes de vaccination contre la peste des petits ruminants et la péripneumonie contagieuse des bovidés financé par le Projet Régional d’Appui au Pastoralisme au Sahel (PRAPS) en février 2017, ont été analysés pour la détection d’anticorps du virus de la FVR au moyen du test ELISA de compétition. Les séroprévalences obtenues chez les espèces étudiées sont assez élevées chez les bovins (30,62%) et les caprins (18,40%), suivies de celle des ovins qui est de 14,90%.Les résultats sérologiques répartis dans les communes montrent que les bovins de Ibohaman et Tassara sont significativement les plus affectés avec une prévalence de 50,00% chacune (P=0,00224). Par contre, chez les petits ruminants, les communes de Tchintabaraden et Abalak ont  significativement les prévalences les plus élevées tant chez les ovins (22,07% et 40,90%) que chez les caprins (8,69% et 37,21%).Toutefois, il n’y a pas de différence significative entre les prévalences d’infection des ovins et caprins pour chaque commune. Les résultats révèlent que la prévalence est plus élevée chez les mâles que chez les femelles (32,35±11,11 contre 18,49±3,43), mais la différence n’est pas significative. En somme, la mise en place d’une stratégie privilégiant l’approche « One Health » est nécessaire pour une lutte efficace contre la FVR, mais aussi la nécessité d’études entomologiques complémentairesMots clés: Sérologie, c-ELISA, Fièvre de la vallée de Rift, Bovins, Ovins, Caprins. English Title: Rift valley fever seroprevalence in domestic ruminants in Tahoua region/NigerThe epizoo-epidemic outbreak of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) that occurred  following a heavy rainfall in the region of Tahoua, along the border of  Ingal’s department that hosts every year, the salt cure event has caused considerable human deaths. Considerable economic and health losses were reported in livestock sector. These losses include high mortality in young animals, high abortion rates in pregnant females and decrease productivity in affected farms. To assess the seroprevalence of RVF of ruminants from that region, sera samples collected in February 2017, for the   Seromonitoring of vaccination campaigns against Peste des Petits  Ruminants (PPR) and Contagious Bovine Peri Pneumonia (CBPP),  Supported by the Regional Project for Pastoralism in the Sahel (PRAPS), were tested for antibodies against RVF virus using the competitive ELISA test. The seroprevalence of RVF in the studied species, reveal a high  prevalence in cattle (30.62%) and goats (18.40%) followed by sheep  (14.90%).Cattle, from Ibohaman and Tassara are significantly affected with a prevalence of 50.00% each (P=0.00224) compared to other districts. Small ruminants from the districts of Tchintabaraden and Abalak have significantly the highest prevalence both in sheep (22.07% and 40.90%) and goats (8.69% and 37.21%). However, there is no significant difference between the prevalence of infection of sheep and goats in each district. Seroprevalence is higher in males than females (32.35±11.11) versus  (18.49±3.43), with no significant difference between the two species. Based on the above results, for effective control of RVF it, is necessary to  implement a one heath approach in the country couple with additional  entomological investigations.Keywords: Serology, c-ELISA, Rift Valley Fever, Cattle, Sheep, Goats.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and virulence of Striga hermonthica from Kenya and Uganda on selected sorghum varieties

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
KATAKA ATANDA JOEL ◽  
STEVEN RUNO ◽  
ALICE MUCHUGI
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Primer Sets ◽  
Root Endodermis

Joel KA, Runo S, Muchugi A. 2018. Genetic diversity and virulence study of Striga hermonthica from Kenya and Uganda on selected sorghum varieties. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 111-120. Parasitic weeds pose a severe problem in agricultural production, causing massive crop losses in many regions of the world and especially Africa. One example to be considered the most significant biological constraint to food production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is Striga hermonthica, the most widespread among the Striga species in the semi-arid tropical African zones. The wide geographical distribution set conditions for genetically structured populations. The genetic variations among the weed populations allow for the quick breakdown of resistance in crops hence making control of the weed difficult. Efficient and effective control of S. hermonthica demands knowledge on inherent genetic variability within local and regional races of the weed. However, the genetic diversity and virulence of S. hermonthica ecotypes in Kenya and Uganda on selected sorghum varieties remain unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the genetic diversity among seven S. hermonthica populations from locations in Kenya and Uganda using 5 primer sets of Expressed Sequence Tags-Simple Sequence Repeats (EST-SSR). The genetic diversity was moderate as shown by the Nei’s genetic distance values. AMOVA measured low genetic differentiation among the populations. This study also investigated twelve sorghum varieties for their response to S. hermonthica infection. The result demonstrated that the varieties resistance responses to S. hermonthica varied widely. The phenotype of resistant interaction was characterized by the inability of the weeds haustoria to penetrate the sorghums root endodermis due to severe necrosis and in rare cases the parasites radicle growing away from the host root. The resistant sorghum varieties were the Asareca W2, Asareca AG3, N13 and the Wild-type which had low mean number of S. hermonthica plantlets growing on their roots, while the most susceptible varieties were Sap 027, Epurpur which had the highest mean number of S. hermonthica plantlets growing on their roots. There was a highly significant difference in the means of the number of Striga growing on the roots of sorghum varieties, Striga dry biomass and S. hermonthica length between the susceptible and resistant ones. This knowledge holds unique potentiality since resistant sorghum germplasm tested will be sourced and targeted to the seven specific geographical areas where virulence of the particular S. hermonthica populations was characterized.

Conflicts in Biafra, Katanga and Cabinda as a result of the geopolitical legacy of colonialism

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 238-246
Author(s):  
Olga Dzhenchakova
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the impact of the colonial past of some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and its effect on their development during the post-colonial period. The negative consequences of the geopolitical legacy of colonialism are shown on the example of three countries: Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Angola, expressed in the emergence of conflicts in these countries based on ethno-cultural, religious and socio-economic contradictions. At the same time, the focus is made on the economic factor and the consequences of the consumer policy of the former metropolises pursuing their mercantile interests were mixed.

scholarly journals Unravelling the Perspectives of Day and Night Traders in Selected Markets within a Sub-Saharan African City with a Malaria Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3468
Author(s):  
Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo ◽  
Nicholas T. K. D. Dayie ◽  
Kevin Kofi Adutwum-Ofosu ◽  
John Ahenkorah ◽  
Emmanuel Afutu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Treatment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African City ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Knowledge ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Malaria is still endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, with a high disease burden. Misconceptions about malaria contribute to poor attitudes and practices, further increasing the burden in endemic countries. Studies have examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of malaria among different populations. However, there seems to be no available literature reporting on the perspectives of day and night market traders. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on malaria KAP with a focus on day and night market traders. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving day and night market traders in 10 selected markets within the Greater Accra Region of Ghana was carried out. Data were collected from consenting respondents using a structured questionnaire. Results: Of the 760 respondents (33.3% (n = 253) night and 66.7% (n = 507) day traders) interviewed, there was no significant difference between the day and night market traders in terms of malaria KAP. Although the market traders had an overall moderate knowledge (54.0% of the day traders and 56.5% of the night traders), misconceptions about malaria (especially that it could be caused by exposure to the sun) still existed among the traders. Moreover, the majority of the traders who demonstrated high knowledge (43.98%, n = 250) did not always take laboratory tests to confirm their suspicion, indicating poor attitude. Furthermore, the market traders’ choice of drug for malaria treatment (p = 0.001) and preferred malaria treatment type (orthodox or herbal) (p = 0.005) were significantly associated with their knowledge level. Conclusions: Despite the observation that no significant difference in KAP exists between day and night market traders, appropriate health education programs and interventions still need to be directed at misconceptions, poor attitudes, and poor practices revealed by this study. This will ultimately help in the prevention and control of malaria in Ghana, and globally.

scholarly journals Control trial of porcine cysticercosis in Uganda using a combination of the TSOL18 vaccination and oxfendazole

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Nsadha ◽  
Chris Rutebarika ◽  
Chrisostom Ayebazibwe ◽  
Bukenya Aloys ◽  
M. Mwanja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis ◽  
Intervention Area ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Village Communities

Abstract Background Neurocysticercosis caused by Taenia solium when the parasite lodges in the central nervous system, is an important cause of human seizures and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite is prevalent in many regions of Uganda. Pigs are intermediate hosts for T. solium, and we evaluated a T. solium control program in pigs, involving vaccination of pigs with the TSOL18 vaccine and treatment with oxfendazole. Methods The study was conducted in two districts of Eastern Uganda involving the rural village communities of Bukedea (intervention area) and Kumi (control area) during 2016–2017. Seven hundred and thirty-four households were enrolled in the study. Pigs in the intervention area received intramuscular immunizations with TSOL18 (Cysvax™) and an oral medication with 30 mg/kg oxfendazole (Paranthic™) at approximately 3-monthly intervals for 18 months. Porcine cysticercosis was evaluated by post-mortem examination. At the beginning of the study, 111 pigs were examined. In an interim evaluation in the intervention area, 55 pigs were evaluated 12 months after starting the project. At the end of the study approximately 3 months after the final intervention, 55 pigs from the intervention area and 56 pigs from the control area were evaluated. Results The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis for the two sites was 16.2% at the beginning of the study (17.2% in the intervention area and 15.1% in the control area) with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.759) between the two study sites. Among the 110 animals assessed from the intervention site (55 at the interim evaluation and 55 at the final evaluation), no pig with viable T. solium cysts was found. There was a statistically significant difference between the prevalence at baseline (17.2%) and at the end of the study (0%) in the intervention area (P = 0.001) and a statistically significant difference between the intervention (0%) and control areas (5.4%) (P = 0.041) at the end of the study. Conclusions Three-monthly concurrent vaccination of pigs with the TSOL18 vaccine and medication with oxfendazole eliminated T. solium transmission by the animals involved in the study. Application of vaccination with medication in pigs has the potential to reduce transmission of T. solium in Uganda and other endemic countries.

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