scholarly journals Wide circulation of peste des petits ruminants virus in sheep and goats across Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel E. Mantip ◽  
Anthony Sigismeau ◽  
Maurice Nanven ◽  
Atuman Joel ◽  
Abayomi M. Qasim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease that mainly affects goats and sheep in Asia, Africa and the Middle East, and threatens Europe [R.E.1]. The disease is endemic on the African continent, particularly in West Africa, and is a major factor driving food insecurity in low-income populations. The aim of this research study was to carry out surveillance, genetic characterisation and isolation of recently circulating PPR viruses (PPRV) in sheep and goats from the six agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. A total of 268 post-mortem tissue samples of lung and mesenteric ganglia were collected from clinically suspected sheep and goats in 18 different states, of which five never previously sampled. The presence of PPRV was confirmed using a reverse-transcription coupled with a polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. A total of 72 samples, 17 sheep (6%) and 55 goats (21%), were found to be PPR positive. Positive samples were distributed in almost all states, except Kano, where PPR was detected in previous studies. The PPRV-positive samples were further confirmed by sequencing or virus isolation in areas where the infection had never previously been detected. These results confirm the active circulation of PPRV across all six agro-ecological zones of Nigeria, and consequently, the need for introducing strict measures for the control and prevention of the disease in the country.

scholarly journals Comparison of nucleotide sequences of recent and previous lineages of peste-des-petits-ruminants viruses of sheep and goats in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Mantip ◽  
Melvyn Quan ◽  
David Shamaki ◽  
Moritz Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
East African ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) is a highly contagious, fatal and economically important viral disease of small ruminants that is still endemic and militates against the production of sheep and goats in endemic areas of the world. The aim of this study was to describe the viral strains within the country. This was carried out by collecting tissue and swab samples from sheep and goats in various agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. The phylogeny of archived PPRV strains or isolates and those circulating and causing recent outbreaks was determined by sequencing of the nucleoprotein (N)-gene. Twenty tissue and swab samples from apparently healthy and sick sheep and goats were collected randomly from 18 states, namely 3 states in each of the 6 agro-ecological zones visited. A total of 360 samples were collected. A total of 35 samples of 360 (9.7%) tested positive by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, of which 25 were from oculo-nasal swabs and 10 were from tissue samples. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic analysis using Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP) identified four different lineages, that is, lineages I, II, III and IV. Interestingly, the Nigerian strains described in this study grouped in two separate major lineages, that is, lineages II and IV. Strains from Sokoto, Oyo, Plateau and Ondo states grouped according to the historical distribution of PPRV together with the Nigerian 75/1 strain of lineage II, while other strains from Sokoto, Oyo, Plateau, Akwa-Ibom, Adamawa, Kaduna, Lagos, Bauchi, Niger and Kano states grouped together with the East African and Asian strains of lineage IV. This finding confirms that both lineage II and IV strains of PPRV are circulating in Nigeria. Previously, only strains of lineage II were found to be present in the country.

scholarly journals Serosurvey of peste des petits ruminants virus in small ruminants from different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Y. Woma ◽  
Pius S. Ekong ◽  
Dauda G. Bwala ◽  
John O. Ibu ◽  
Louisa Ta’ama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Peste des petits ruminants, caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), is a highly contagious and economically important transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild small ruminants and a major hindrance to small-ruminant production in Nigeria. The seroprevalence and distribution of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in rural households, farms, live animal markets and slaughter slabs across the six different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria were determined. A total of 4548 serum samples from 3489 goats and 1059 sheep were collected in 12 states. A PPRV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test the samples and the data analysed with R statistical software version 3.0.1. The study animals included all ages and both sexes. The overall prevalence estimate of sera positive for PPRV antibodies was 23.16% (n = 1018 positive samples per 4548 total samples, 95% confidence interval: 21.79% – 24.57%). There were significant differences in the seroprevalence between the states (p = 0.001). Taraba State had the highest seroprevalence of 29.51%, whilst the lowest seroprevalence of 14.52% was observed in Cross River State. There were no significant differences in the PPRV seroprevalence between male and female animals (p = 0.571), age (p = 0.323) and between species (p = 0.639). These data indicate the current seroprevalence to PPRV in the small-ruminant population in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 165 (10) ◽  
pp. 2147-2163 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Dundon ◽  
Adama Diallo ◽  
Giovanni Cattoli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Global Eradication

Abstract Small ruminants (e.g., sheep and goats) contribute considerably to the cash income and nutrition of small farmers in most countries in Africa and Asia. Their husbandry is threatened by the highly infectious transboundary viral disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) caused by peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Given its social and economic impact, PPR is presently being targeted by international organizations for global eradication by 2030. Since its first description in Côte d’Ivoire in 1942, and particularly over the last 10 years, a large amount of molecular epidemiological data on the virus have been generated in Africa. This review aims to consolidate these data in order to have a clearer picture of the current PPR situation in Africa, which will, in turn, assist authorities in global eradication attempts.

scholarly journals Isolation ofMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosisfrom non-ruminant wildlife living in the sheds and on the pastures of Greek sheep and goats

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. FLOROU ◽  
L. LEONTIDES ◽  
P. KOSTOULAS ◽  
C. BILLINIS ◽  
M. SOFIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
Insertion Sequence ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Type Strains

SUMMARYThis study aimed to: (1) investigate whether non-ruminant wildlife interfacing with dairy sheep and goats of four Greek flocks endemically infected withMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis(MAP) harboured MAP and (2) genetically compare the strains isolated from the wildlife to those isolated from the small ruminants of these flocks. We cultured and screened, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pooled-tissue samples from 327 wild animals of 11 species for the MAP-specific IS900insertion sequence. We also cultured faecal samples from 100 sheep or goats from each of the four flocks. MAP was detected in samples from 11 sheep, 12 goats, two mice, two rats, a hare and a fox. Only one rat had histopathological findings. Genetic typing categorized 21 isolates as cattle-type strains and two, from a house mouse and a goat respectively, as sheep-type strains; this is the first report of a rodent harbouring a sheep-type strain. The MAP types that were most frequently isolated amongst the sheep and goats of each flock were also the ones isolated from sympatric rodents; those isolated from the fox and hare also belonged to the predominant ruminant strains.

scholarly journals A Review of the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Sheep and Goats in Ghana

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Blackie
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Nematode Larvae ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis ◽  
Host Influence ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

In this paper, the gastrointestinal nematode parasites infecting small ruminants (sheep and goats) in Ghana and the epidemiological factors influencing their prevalence are reviewed and discussed. Twelve nematode species belonging to six families have been reported to infect these livestock in the country with Haemonchus contortus being the most prevalent helminth parasite in both animals. Parasitic gastroenteritis is caused by mixed infection of several nematode species. Management /husbandry practices, climate and host influence are found to be the main factors that affect gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats. Seasonal changes in the level of infective strongylate nematode larvae on pasture in the different agro-ecological zones of Ghana are reviewed. The number of infective larvae on pasture is reported to be directly related to the pattern of rainfall. Consequently, rainfall could be relied on to predict the rate of transmission of infection in grazing animals. Finally, the relevance of epidemiological knowledge in the development of efficient measures for controlling gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats in Ghana is discussed.

scholarly journals Development of Nanobodies Targeting Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: The Prospect in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2206
Author(s):  
Edson Kinimi ◽  
Serge Muyldermans ◽  
Cécile Vincke ◽  
Steven Odongo ◽  
Richard Kock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Gene Repertoire ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Sheep And Goats

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly devastating disease, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) of sheep and goats, that threatens food security, small ruminant production, and the conservation of wild small ruminants in many developing countries, especially in Africa. Robust serological and molecular diagnostic tools are available to detect PPRV infection, but they were mainly developed for domestic sheep and goats. The presence of a wide host range for PPRV does present serological diagnostic challenges. New innovative diagnostic tools are needed to detect PPRV in atypical hosts (e.g., Camelidae, Suidae, and Bovinae), in wildlife ecosystems and in complex field situations. Interestingly, single-domain antigen binding fragments (nanobodies) derived from heavy-chain-only camelid antibodies have emerged as a new hope in the development of accurate, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic tools in veterinary and biomedical fields that are suitable for low-income countries. The main objective of this study was to construct an immune nanobody library to retrieve PPRV-reactive nanobodies that enable the development of diagnostic and therapeutic nanobodies in the future. Here, a strategy was developed whereby an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) was immunized with a live attenuated vaccine strain (PPRV/N/75/1) to raise an affinity-matured immune response in the heavy-chain-only antibody classes. The nanobody gene repertoire was engineered in pMECS-GG phagemid, whereby a ccdB gene (encoding a lethal protein) was substituted by the nanobody gene. An immune nanobody library with approximately sixty-four million independent transformants was constructed, of which 100% contained an insert with the proper size of nanobody gene. Following phage display and biopanning, nine nanobodies that specifically recognise completely inactivated PPRV were identified on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. They showed superb potency in rapidly identifying PPRV, which is likely to open a new perspective in the diagnosis and possible treatment of PPR infection.

scholarly journals Retrospective Characterization of Initial Peste des petits ruminants Outbreaks (2008–2012) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2373
Author(s):  
Leopold K. Mulumba-Mfumu ◽  
Mana Mahapatra ◽  
Adama Diallo ◽  
Brian Clarke ◽  
Augustin Twabela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Official Declaration

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, contagious viral disease of small ruminants, goats and sheep. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was a PPR-free country until 2007, although in 2006, scare alerts were received from the east and the southwest of the country, reporting repeated mortalities, specifically in goats. In 2008, PPR outbreaks were seen in several villages in the west, leading to structured veterinary field operations. Blood, swabs and pathological specimens consisting of tissues from lungs, spleens, lymph nodes, kidneys, livers and hearts were ethically collected from clinically infected and/or dead animals, as appropriate, in 35 districts. Epidemiological information relating to major risk factors and socio-economic impact was progressively collected, revealing the deaths of 744,527 goats, which converted to a trade value of USD 35,674,600. Samples from infected and dead animals were routinely analyzed by the Central Veterinary Laboratory at Kinshasa for diagnosis, and after official declaration of PPR outbreaks by the FAO in July 2012, selected tissue samples were sent to The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom, for genotyping. As a result of surveys undertaken between 2008 and 2012, PPR virus (PPRV)-specific antibodies were detected in 25 locations out of 33 tested (75.7%); PPRV nucleic acid was detected in 25 locations out of 35 (71.4%); and a typical clinical picture of PPR was observed in 23 locations out of 35 (65.7%). Analysis of the partial and full genome sequences of PPR viruses (PPRVs) obtained from lymphoid tissues of dead goats collected in Tshela in the DRC in 2012 confirmed the circulation of lineage IV PPRV, showing the highest homology (99.6−100%) with the viruses circulating in the neighboring countries of Gabon, in the Aboumi outbreak in 2011, and Nigeria (99.3% homology) in 2013, although recent outbreaks in 2016 and 2018 in the western part of the DRC that borders with East Africa demonstrated circulation of lineage II and lineage III PPRV.

scholarly journals A Comparative study of the Sero-prevalence of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus among Districts of Different Agro-Ecological Zones in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Mdetele ◽  
Misago Seth ◽  
Mwemezi Kabululu ◽  
Gerald Misinzo ◽  
Erick Komba
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Semi Arid

Peste des petits Ruminants (PPR), a disease affecting sheep and goats, was confirmed in Tanzania in the year 2018. Since then the disease has continued to spread into different districts, causing significant socio-economic losses to livestock keepers. This study aimed at determining the sero-prevalence of PPR in 32 districts from the coastal, semi-arid and plateau ecological zones, respectively. Sera samples were collected from sheep and goats, and analysed by competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA). Findings indicated that six (18.8%) districts had very high PPR sero-prevalence of which four (66.7%; Chamwino, Kondoa, Mvomero and Kilosa) belong to the semi-arid ecological zone and two (33.3%; Bagamoyo and Mkuranga) to the coastal ecological zone. Three districts (9.4%) had high PPR sero-prevalence, all from the semi-arid ecological zone. Twelve districts had low PPR sero-prevalence of which two (16.7%) were from semi-arid, one (8.3%) from coastal and nine (75.0%) from plateau ecological zones. A zero PPR sero-prevalence was recorded in three districts and eight districts from semi-arid and plateau ecological zones, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in sero-positivity between the different ecological zones, ?2 (2) = 9.121, p = 0.010, with a mean rank sero-positivity of 24.7% for coastal zone, 12.0% for plateau and 20.8% for semi-arid zone. Post hoc pairwise comparison with Bonferroni correction for multiple tests showed a statistically significant difference between plateau and semi-arid zones (p = 0.032). Although the coastal zone had a higher mean rank positivity than the plateau zone, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.083). The study suggests a zonal predisposition of PPR sero-prevalence with districts in the semi-arid and coastal zones having significantly higher values compared to those in the plateau ecological zones. Efforts for control of the disease need to concentrate in those two high risk ecological zones.

scholarly journals Comparison of colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification kit and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in Southeast Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2358-2363
Author(s):  
Ijeoma Chekwube Chukwudi ◽  
Kenneth Ikejiofor Ogbu ◽  
Pam Dachung Luka ◽  
Refiloe Petunia Malesa ◽  
Livio Edward Heath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background and Aim: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, extremely contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants with severe economic consequences, caused by PPR virus. Cost-effective and rapid diagnosis of the disease is essential for prompt management and control. This study aimed to compare the application of a commercial colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (cLAMP) kit and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the diagnosis of PPR in sheep and goats in Southeast Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Nasal swab samples were collected from West African Dwarf sheep and goats showing clinical signs suggestive of PPR (n=80) and those without any clinical signs (n=140) of the disease. The diagnosis was achieved through detection of PPR viral genome in the samples using a cLAMP kit and RT-PCR. cLAMP assay was done directly on nasal swab samples without ribosomal nucleic acid extraction. A set of six primers targeting the matrix gene protein was used for the cLAMP assay. Results: PPR viral genome was detected by both cLAMP and RT-PCR in 51 (63.8%) of the 80 samples from sheep and goats with signs suggestive of PPR while 14 (10%) of those without signs tested positive for PPR by both assay methods. There was a 100% agreement in the cLAMP and RT-PCR results. However, cLAMP was a faster, easier, and less expensive method compared to RT-PCR. Conclusion: The cLAMP assay demonstrates the potential for a point of care diagnosis in the field and a valuable diagnostic tool in areas with poor electricity supply as well as in a less equipped diagnostic laboratory. Since the reagents are affordable, cLAMP can be a diagnostic tool of choice in the detection and surveillance of PPR virus in countries with limited resources.

scholarly journals Distribution, Incidence and Severity of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in Major Maize Growing Agro-ecological Zones of Uganda

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barnabas Mudde ◽  
Florence M’mogi Olubayo ◽  
Douglas Watuku Miano ◽  
Godfrey Asea ◽  
Dora C. Kilalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Status ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Das Elisa ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

The distribution, incidence and severity of maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease in major maize growing agro-ecological zones (AEZ) of Uganda was determined following field surveys carried out in 16 major maize growing districts from 5 AEZ over three consecutive seasons. A total of 604 maize fields were visited and MLN disease status visually assessed and 3,624 maize leaf samples collected for identification and confirmation of the MLN causal viruses by Double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). MLN disease was not widely distributed at an epidemic proportion, with only 36 (5%) of the 604 farms surveyed over three seasons confirmed to have the disease. The MLN incidence and severity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the Eastern AEZ during the three seasons. The main MLN-causing viruses detected using DAS-ELISA were Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). MCMV was the most prevalent MLN causing virus driving the epidemic in Uganda. The three major districts where MLN disease has been found in all three seasons surveyed are Bulambuli, Tororo and Busia which are hotspots for MLN disease. Strategies to control spread of MLN disease should focus on high risk AEZs and hotspot districts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document