scholarly journals A cross-cultural analysis of work values and moral reasoning

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hugo ◽  
L. J. Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
White Students ◽  
Work Values ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Sample Group ◽  
Black And White

The principal aim of this study was to explore the cultural differences with regard to work values and moral reasoning in the context of the management of diversity. A secondary aim was to determine whether individuals in the various stages of moral reasoning, differ with regard to the work values espoused. The sample group (N=182) consisted of black and white students at under-graduate and post-graduate levels. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between cultural groups with regard to work values and moral reasoning, but indicated no difference in stages of moral reasoning with regard to work values. The implications of the findings for work organisations and tertiary institutions are discussed. Opsomming Die hoofdoel van die studie was om vanuit 'n bestuur-van-diversiteit konteks vas te stel of daar interkulturele verskille bestaan ten opsigte van werkwaardes en morele redenering. 'n Sekondere doelwit was om te bepaal of individue in verskillende fases van morele redenering verskil ten opsigte van werkwaardes. Die steekproef (N=182) is saamgestel uit swart en wit studente op voor- en nagraadse vlak. Statisties-beduidende verskille tussen kultuurgroepe ten opsigte van werkwaardes en morele redenering het na vore gekom, maar geen verskille tussen fases van morele redenering ten opsigte van werkwaardes is gevind nie. Die implikasies van die bevindinge soos dit werkorganisasies en tersiere instellings raak, word bespreek.

Developing a Research Method to Analyze Visual Literacy Based on Cross-Cultural Characteristics

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Felicidad García-Sánchez ◽  
José Gómez-Isla ◽  
Roberto Therón ◽  
Juan Cruz-Benito ◽  
José Carlos Sánchez-Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Visual Literacy ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Literacy Research

This chapter presents a new approach of a quantitative analysis used to research the understanding of visual literacy issues. The objective of the research is to find common patterns, opinions, and behaviors between different people regarding the use of visual communication and people's state of visual literacy, while also considering the possible cultural differences related. To explain visual literacy and its implications, the theoretical background about the visual literacy research field is presented first. Then, also within the section on background, the chapter presents the main concepts related to culture, and how it and visual literacy can be analyzed together to enable cross-cultural analysis. To conduct these cross-cultural analyses, this chapter proposes a new kind of quantitative questionnaire-based instrument that includes a section to measure the cultural characteristics of the individual and their level of literacy. This instrument proposal is the main result, since the research field of visual literacy lacks this kind of quantitative approach.

Rotter Internal-External Scale in an African Context: Problems of Construct and Equivalence

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Munro
Keyword(s):  
White Students ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
External Scale ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Reliable Instrument ◽  
African Context ◽  
Measure Reliability ◽  
Item Content ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Scale Data

It is argued, in relation to the cross-cultural equivalence of personality measures, that of the three phases of test development namely construction, establishment of reliability and of validity, the second tends to receive too little attention. Accordingly, Rotter I-E Scale data from black and white students in Zambia and Rhodesia were compared with each other and with data collected in other countries. It is concluded that the Rotter I-E Scale is not a reliable instrument even for American groups; that responses may reflect manifest item content more than underlying cognitions about control; and that while locus-of-control seems a valuable and perhaps valid construct for cross-cultural personality and motivation research, we need better scales to measure reliability.

Organizational cross-cultural differences in the context of innovation-oriented partnerships

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pervez Ghauri ◽  
Veronica Rosendo-Rios
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Orientation Difference ◽  
Relationship Performance ◽  
University Industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine organizational cross-culture differences in public-private research-oriented relationships. More precisely, it focusses on the analysis university-industry collaborations partnering for research agreements with the aim of fostering the transfer of knowledge and innovation. It analyzes the key organizational cross-cultural differences that could hinder the successful performance of these agreements from a relationship marketing (RM) perspective. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a comprehensive literature review of organizational culture and RM, a quantitative study was carried out and a structural equation model was proposed and tested. Findings – Cross-cultural organizational differences in private-public sectors are proved to negatively influence relationship performance. Market orientation difference appears as the most significant barrier to relationship performance, followed by time orientation difference and to a lesser extent flexibility difference. Originality/value – By integrating organizational culture and RM literatures, the main contribution of this paper is the cross-cultural analysis of private-public relationships (in this case university-industry relationships) from the perspective of RM. Hence, this research will inform management seeking to develop successful public-private collaborations by enhancing their understanding of cross-cultural factors underlying relationship success and failure.

PRIORITIES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: PERSPECTIVES, DECISION-MAKING, AND EMPATHY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afton Nelson ◽  
Kristijan Civljak ◽  
Heather Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Response Distribution ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Subjective Reports

The rapid and ongoing evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in reactionary decision-making and emphasized discord arising from uncertainty. Given that countries have dealt with the pandemic quite differently thus far, it was relevant to explore the undertones of decision-making, as well as the perspectives of the individuals who are affected. The study aimed to investigate the role of confidence and decision-making in pandemic behaviors as well as related pandemic perspectives. The present article discusses findings concerning pandemic-specific decision-making, the influence of empathy on decision-making, and qualitative reports from respondents. The analyzed sample included 561 respondents divided into three cultural groups based on response distribution, geography, and general cultural categorizations (e.g., Western vs. non-Western). The findings revealed insights into the decision-making of pandemic consequences, as well as a lack of cross-cultural differences within the sample. Subjective reports highlighted key themes including trust in science, prevention and preparedness, and suggested next steps from the respondents’ perspectives. These findings from across the globe call for further investigation into cross-cultural decision-making in the pandemic.

Data Management and Cross-Cultural Descriptive Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-56
Author(s):  
Thanh V. Tran ◽  
Keith T. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Data Management ◽  
Research Evaluation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research

Quantitative cross-cultural analysis requires the application of statistics to study the variability of a phenomenon (variable,) across cultural groups. This chapter aims to provide practical applications of descriptive statistics to describe the variables used in a cross-cultural research/evaluation project. We use statistical methods to describe the variables of interests and to test the hypotheses derived from theories for understanding cross-cultural comparisons. More specifically, we address the importance of examine the variables of interest across selected comparative groups. It is our position that in order to describe and to test hypotheses, we need first to know how the variables of interest are measured. We illustrate the use of STATA for data management and descriptive statistics throughout the chapter.

Current Perspectives in the Study of Personality Across Cultures

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Timothy Church
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Life Narratives ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms

A comprehensive conception of personality would incorporate dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and life narratives considered within evolutionary and cultural contexts ( McAdams & Pals, 2006 ). In this article, I review evolutionary, cross-cultural, indigenous, and cultural psychology perspectives as they address these different aspects of personality across cultures. Evolutionary psychologists have focused most on evolved human nature (e.g., species-typical psychological mechanisms) and have recently considered evolutionary bases for heritable variation in dispositional traits. Cross-cultural psychologists have primarily addressed the universality of dispositional traits (e.g., the Five Factor Model) and characteristic adaptations (e.g., values, motives, and beliefs). Indigenous psychologists elaborate salient personality constructs for specific cultural groups, raising the question of whether these constructs represent culture-unique traits or culture-relevant expressions of universal dimensions (i.e., characteristic adaptations). Cultural psychologists de-emphasize dispositional traits, propose cultural differences in characteristic adaptations (e.g., conceptions of personality and self) and life narratives, and investigate dynamic constructivist perspectives on culture. After the review, I consider what an integration of these perspectives might look like and offer suggestions for research.

scholarly journals Black American College Students Report Higher Memory of Love for Mothers in Childhood Than White Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 880-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Patihis ◽  
Corai E. Jackson ◽  
Jonathan C. Diaz ◽  
Elena V. Stepanova ◽  
Mario E. Herrera
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
White Students ◽  
Parental Attachment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black American ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Attachment Research ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
History Of

Cultural differences between Black and White individuals in the South are connected to the inequitable history of the United States. We wondered if these cultural differences would translate to a particularly precious aspect of life: memories of love felt in childhood toward one’s parents. Some past studies have shown that Whites score higher on parental attachment measures to parents than Blacks, while other studies show no significant differences. However, no previous study has ever measured memory of feelings of love in relation to differences between ethnicities. In this study, Black ( n = 124) and White ( n = 125) undergraduates self-reported the strength and frequency of their past feelings of love toward their mother and father in first, sixth, and ninth grade as well as their current feelings of love. Results suggested that Black students reported feeling more love for their mothers in first, sixth, and ninth grades compared to White students. These findings were not explained when we statistically adjusted for age, gender, socioeconomic status, education levels, income, number of years spent living with mother or father, stress, or personality. Therefore, this relationship may be explained by unmeasured or unmeasurable cultural differences. The direction of this effect was in the opposite direction from what we expected based on past attachment research. Given the inequities in U.S. history and the current discussions around ethnicity and race in the United States, the finding that Blacks reported higher remembered feelings of love for their mothers in childhood is intriguing and worthy of dissemination and discussion.

scholarly journals Perception of facial emotional expressions by representatives of Asian and European cultural groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 116-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.G. Khoze ◽  
O.A. Korolkova ◽  
N.Yu. Zhizhnikova ◽  
M.V. Zubareva
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Study ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural Study

The article presents the results of a cross-cultural study of the perception of basic emotional expressions by representatives of Asian and European cultural groups and compares them with the results obtained earlier on Russian sample. Emotional expressions from VEPEL database (Kurakova, 2012) were used as stimuli. We revealed invariant perception within a cultural group and cross-cultural differences in perception of the basic emotions of fear, disgust and anger between Asian and Russian cultural groups; in perception of surprise, fear, disgust and anger between European and Russian cultural groups; and in perception of fear, sadness, disgust and anger between European and Asian cultural groups.

scholarly journals Games and enculturation: A cross-cultural analysis of cooperative goal structures in Austronesian games

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259746
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Leisterer-Peoples ◽  
Cody T. Ross ◽  
Simon J. Greenhill ◽  
Susanne Hardecker ◽  
Daniel B. M. Haun
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Games ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Group Conflict ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Goal Structures ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Competitive Games ◽  
Ecological Differences

While most animals play, only humans play games. As animal play serves to teach offspring important life-skills in a safe scenario, human games might, in similar ways, teach important culturally relevant skills. Humans in all cultures play games; however, it is not clear whether variation in the characteristics of games across cultural groups is related to group-level attributes. Here we investigate specifically whether the cooperativeness of games covaries with socio-ecological differences across cultural groups. We hypothesize that cultural groups that engage in frequent inter-group conflict, cooperative sustenance acquisition, or that have less stratified social structures, might more frequently play cooperative games as compared to groups that do not share these characteristics. To test these hypotheses, we gathered data from the ethnographic record on 25 ethnolinguistic groups in the Austronesian language family. We show that cultural groups with higher levels of inter-group conflict and cooperative land-based hunting play cooperative games more frequently than other groups. Additionally, cultural groups with higher levels of intra-group conflict play competitive games more frequently than other groups. These findings indicate that games are not randomly distributed among cultures, but rather relate to the socio-ecological settings of the cultural groups that practice them. We argue that games serve as training grounds for group-specific norms and values and thereby have an important function in enculturation during childhood. Moreover, games might server an important role in the maintenance of cultural diversity.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural emotion recognition in adults and children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belle Nicole Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Identification ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Exposure ◽  
Adults And Children

The current studies investigated cross-cultural emotion recognition in South Asian and Caucasian Canadian adults and children. The two main goals of the current research were to disentangle the effects of culture and race on cross-cultural emotion recognition and to chart the development of cross-cultural differences in emotion recognition. Both adults and children completed an emotion recognition task, viewing faces of four different racial/cultural groups (South Asian Canadians and immigrants, Caucasian Canadian and immigrants). Adults completed a cultural identification task with these four racial/cultural groups and a contact questionnaire that assessed their exposure to Caucasian and South Asian individuals. Findings revealed that Caucasian and South Asian Canadian adults showed cross-cultural differences in emotion recognition; however, children did not. Furthermore, adults were able to identify the cultural background of Caucasian and South Asian faces at above-chance levels. Finally, results indicated that higher levels of cross-cultural exposure were related to improved cross-cultural emotion recognition for Caucasian adults only.

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