scholarly journals Human Herpesviruses as Copathogens of HIV Infection, Their Role in HIV Transmission, and Disease Progression

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 005-018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshi Munawwar ◽  
Sarman Singh
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Human Herpesviruses ◽  
Hsv 1 ◽  
Hiv Aids

ABSTRACTOf eight human herpesviruses (HHVs), often, only herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) find mention in medical literature as both of these viruses are commonly associated with genital lesions and oral ulcers, commonly known as cold sores. However, role of human herpesviruses as copathogens and in aggravation and in the transmission of other human diseases, especially the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has only very recently been recognized. Therefore, screening and treating subclinical HHV infections may offer slowing of HIV infection, disease progression, and its transmission. Beside HSV-1 and HSV-2, HHV-3 a causative agent of herpes zoster remained one of the first manifestations of HIV disease before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HHV-5 also known as human Cytomegalovirus infection remains a significant risk factor for HIV-associated mortality and morbidity even in HAART era. It is proposed that Cytomegalovirus viremia could be a better predictor of HIV disease progression than CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. The role of HHV-4 or Epstein–Burr virus and HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8 is still being investigated in HIV disease progression. This review provides insight into the current understanding about these 8 HHVs, their co-pathogenesis, and role in HIV/ AIDS disease progression. The review also covers recent literature in favor and against administering anti-HHV treatment along with HAART for slower AIDS progression and interrupted sexual transmission.

scholarly journals Selenium deficiency and HIV infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Di Bella ◽  
Elisabetta Grilli ◽  
Maria Adriana Cataldo ◽  
Nicola Petrosillo
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Selenium Supplementation ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Low Selenium

Selenium is a non-metallic chemical element of great important to human health. Low selenium levels in humans are associated with several pathological conditions and are a common finding in HIV infected individuals. We conducted a review of the literature to assess if selenium deficiency or selenium supplementation could play a role in modifying the clinical course of HIV disease. Several studies investigated the role of selenium in disease progression, morbidity and mortality in HIV infected individuals. Larger studies were conducted in countries with poor economic resources and limited access to HAART. According to the majority of published studies low selenium levels appear to have an association with mortality, and selenium supplementation appears to play a beneficial role on survival or on slowing disease progression among HIV infected individuals. The role of selenium supplementation on preventing hospital admission among HIV outpatients was also noticed. The literature suggests an association between selenium deficiency and development of HIV associated cardiomyopathy and furthermore, selenium supplementation appears to improve the cardiac function in HIV infected individuals with cardiomyopathy. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the role selenium in modifying HIV viral load and immune status in HIV infection.

scholarly journals Personality and HIV Disease Progression: Role of NEO-PI-R Openness, Extraversion, and Profiles of Engagement

2008 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail H. Ironson ◽  
Conall O’Cleirigh ◽  
Alexander Weiss ◽  
Neil Schneiderman ◽  
Paul T. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Hiv Disease

scholarly journals Neopterin and Biochemical Parameters as Indicators of Predicting HIV Disease Progression and Treatment Response: A Cross-sectional Study in Ghana

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Louis Boafo Kwantwi ◽  
Christian Obirikorang ◽  
Margaret Agyei Frempong ◽  
Dan Yedu Quansah
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hiv Seropositive ◽  
Therapy Treatment

Background: Surrogate markers have been identified to play significant role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of HIV infection. However, there is limited data on the utility of neopterin estimation in HIV infection. Therefore, the study sought to measure and ascertains the trends of serum neopterin and other biochemical parameters as indicators of predicting HIV disease progression and treatment response among HIV seropositive individuals. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 298 HIV seropositive individuals consisting of 165 HIV on highly active antiretroviral treatment and 136 naïve highly active antiretroviral patients. Venous blood was drawn for the assay of neopterin and the other biochemical parameters. Results: Neopterin was significantly lower (P<0.0001) in patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy than those in the naïve highly active antiretroviral therapy group. Serum neopterin increased as the disease progresses and decreased as the duration of the therapy treatment increased (p=0.0001). At a cut of point of 54.5 nmol/L, neopterin gave a sensitivity of 97.5%, specificity of 95.9% and an area under the curve of 0.99. Conclusion: Neopterin has shown to be to be good marker in predicting HIV disease progression especially in patients with CD4 counts less than 200mm-3 and a useful indicator of patient’s response to therapy treatment.

The Use of Methylphenidate for Cognitive Decline Associated with HIV Disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Objective: Complaints of cognitive changes are often expressed by patients at all stages of HIV infection. Such changes include decreased memory and attention span, diminished concentration, apathy, and “slowing.” Methylphenidate (MPD) has been used in several clinical studies in men with late-stage HIV disease in an attempt to ameliorate these difficulties. The objectives of this review article are to review salient psychopharmacological characteristics of MPD and to describe the research and clinical literature supporting the use of MPD in patients at all stages of HIV infection. Methods: Seven studies, case reports, or abstracts from International Conferences on AIDS were available in the English literature through August, 1993, directly addressing the use of MPD in patients with HIV disease. Twenty-nine papers were reviewed for pharmacokinetic data, eighteen for safety and side effects issues, and seventeen for relevant contributions from the neuropsychological testing literature. Results: Studies in clinical settings have used doses ranges from 10–90 mg. per day in two or three divided doses with reportedly good results in improving both affective and cognitive symptoms associated with HIV disease. Side effects have been relatively mild and patient satisfaction with treatment has been high. However, no studies have been conducted in early stage HIV disease, where a significant minority of patients have similar complaints in the absence of clinically apparent immunosuppression. Likewise, placebo-controlled, dose-finding studies in AIDS patients are entirely lacking, and no studies in women with HIV disease and cognitive changes have been published. Conclusions: In spite of these important research shortcomings, clinical experience with MPD treatment of cognitive changes in men with HIV/AIDS is consistent with the notion that this medication holds significant promise to improve the quality of life for persons living with HIV/AIDS. Controlled studies to test this hypothesis are warranted.

Disease Progression in Children with Perinatal HIV Correlates with Increased PD-1+ CD8 T Cells that Coexpress Multiple Immune Checkpoints

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janki Tailor ◽  
Julia Foldi ◽  
Matthew Generoso ◽  
Bret McCarty ◽  
Aparna Alankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Art Initiation ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Background PD-1 marks exhausted T cells, with weak effector functions. Adults living with HIV have increased levels of PD-1+ CD8 T cells that correlate with HIV disease progression, yet little is known about the role of PD-1+ CD8 T cells in children with perinatal HIV. Methods We enrolled 76 Kenyan children with perinatal HIV and 43 children who were HIV unexposed and quantified PD-1 levels on CD8 T cells, their coexpression with immune checkpoints (IC) 2B4, CD160 and TIM3, correlates with immune activation and HIV disease progression and HIV-specific and non-specific proliferative responses. Results PD-1+ CD8 T cell frequencies are elevated in children with perinatal HIV and associated with disease progression. The majority of PD-1+ CD8 T cells coexpress additional ICs. ART initiation lowers total PD-1 levels and coexpression of multiple ICs. The frequency of PD-1 + 2B4+CD160+TIM3- in PD-1+ CD8 T cells, predicts weaker HIV-specific proliferative responses, suggesting this subset is functionally exhausted. Conclusion Children with perinatal HIV have high PD-1+ CD8 T cells that are a heterogeneous population differentially coexpressing multiple ICs. Understanding the complex interplay of ICs is essential to guide the development of PD-1 directed immunotherapies for pediatric HIV remission and cure.

scholarly journals The combination of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 levels during primary HIV infection predicts HIV disease progression

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowan Yin ◽  
Zhuo Wang ◽  
Tong Wu ◽  
Meichen Ma ◽  
Zining Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Point Group ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Primary Hiv Infection

Abstract Background Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines involved in inflammation, cell migration, and immune regulation in both physiological and pathological contexts. Here, we investigated the profile of chemokines during primary HIV infection (PHI). Methods Fifty-four participants with blood samples before and during HIV infection and clinical information available were selected from an HIV-negative man who have sex with men (MSM) prospective cohort. Thirty chemokines and 10 cytokines were measured pre- and post-HIV infection in the same individuals using a Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Chemokine Panel. Results Levels of 18 chemokines/cytokines changed significantly during PHI relative to pre-HIV infection levels; 14 were up-regulated and 4 down-regulated. Among them, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were the most prominently raised. Levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were much higher in the high-set point group (log viral load (lgVL) ≥ 4.5) than those in the low-set point group (lgVL < 4.5) and levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were higher in the low-CD4+ T-cell count group (CD4+ T-cell count ≥ 500). A formula to predict HIV disease progression using a combination panel comprising CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 was developed, where risk score = 0.007 × CXCL9 + 0.004 × CXCL10 − 0.033 × CXCL11 − 1.724, with risk score values higher than the cutoff threshold (0.5211) indicating more rapid HIV disease progression. Conclusions A panel of plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 measured during primary HIV-1 infection could predict long-term HIV disease prognosis in an MSM group and has potential as a novel biomarker in the clinic.

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