scholarly journals Prenatal and postnatal growth: An ultrasound and clinical investigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Shahista Parveen ◽  
Rohan Mascarenhas ◽  
Akhter Husain ◽  
Devadas Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Facial Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Growth Assessment

Background Understanding facial development requires sound knowledge of growth at different stages. Although studies in the past have established the relationship between prenatal and postnatal growth, little research has been done using noninvasive ultrasound. The purpose of this study is to evaluate correlation between prenatal and postnatal growths using ultrasound as a fetal growth assessment tool. Study Settings: It is a hospital-based study where prenatal growth is measured at different intervals of gestational period and compared with the growth at birth. Materials and Methods: Ten subjects with normal pregnancy were studied using ultrasound. Cephalocaudal growth gradient, body proportions of the fetus were assessed and compared at different stages. Growth was also evaluated at birth and compared with the predicted growth. Results The growth rate of estimated fetal weight is at maximum between the 28th and 32nd week of the fetal life (P ≤ 0.001). The growth rate of head circumference, occipitofrontal diameter, and femur length is maximum between the 20th and 28th week of the fetal life (P < 0.001). Cephalocaudal growth gradient decreases with increased age of the fetus. Conclusions Prenatal growth is correlated with postnatal growth. Ultrasound can be used as a tool for the measurement and prediction of prenatal and postnatal growths.

Investigating the relationship between prenatal growth and postnatal outcomes: a systematic review of the literature

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 434-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Norris ◽  
N. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
The Relationship

Theories regarding the relationship between pre- and postnatal growth and programming of health have been based on characteristics at birth, with little or no reference to the patterns of growth occurring in utero. Review of the literature to identify studies using ultrasonographically obtained fetal dimensions to track prenatal growth and relate these patterns of growth to postnatal anthropometry and cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. Review of Medline, Scopus and Proquest for studies reporting on ultrasonographically derived estimates of fetal growth and their association with postnatal anthropometry, body composition or cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. Quality of papers were assessed using the method developed by Downs and Black. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria, with a mean score of high quality. Twenty of the studies had follow-up in infancy, five in childhood, three in adolescence and one in adulthood. The associations observed suggest that centile tracking may occur early in pregnancy though whether this is as early as the first trimester is uncertain. The second trimester may be a critical period for the programming of blood pressure and abdominal circumference may be the most sensitive fetal dimension to indicate any programming.

Approach to Assessment of Corrosion Growth in Pipelines

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Gu ◽  
Richard Kania ◽  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Corrosion Condition ◽  
Preliminary Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
Growth Assessment

Two key components of corrosion growth assessment in pipelines are accurate determination of corrosion growth rate and application of corrosion growth to future integrity of a pipeline. PII has developed a corrosion growth assessment tool, Run Comparison (RunCom) software that allows accurate determination of corrosion growth. RunCom compares the raw signals of the same defect present in two inspection runs to report the real active corrosion defects and their growth with less error. Since variations in corrosion growth along the pipeline can be significant, a single value of average or maximum corrosion growth rate does not represent the corrosion condition of the pipeline and could result in a conservative or non-conservative conclusion for future integrity. PII introduces a Decision Tree Analysis method to categorize the corroded regions along the pipeline and calculate the mean corrosion growth rates in these specific areas. Relationships between corrosion growth rate and defect geometry are also identified. The influence of soil, drainage, and topography on corrosion rates is examined to determine representative corrosion growth rates along the pipeline. A systematic approach incorporating statistical analysis with mechanistic understanding of corrosion for preliminary corrosion assessment of pipeline systems is discussed.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH OF GUINEA-PIGS AND THEIR MODIFICATION BY NEONATAL GONADECTOMY AND PRENATALLY ADMINISTERED ANDROGEN

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. SLOB ◽  
R. W. GOY ◽  
J. J. van der WERFF ten BOSCH
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Stimulatory Action ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARY One group of animals received androgen prenatally, by daily s.c. injections of 5 mg testosterone propionate (TP) to the doe on days 24 to 41 inclusive of pregnancy, while a second group remained untreated. Some animals of each group were gonadectomized on the day of birth (= day 1) or on day 2. Weight at birth served as a measure of prenatal growth. Comparisons were made between animals born in litters of identical size. Postnatal growth was studied by weighing the animals at 5-day intervals until the age of 130 days. Comparisons were made between groups of animals that were matched for their weights at birth. At birth males from TP-treated mothers were heavier than their sisters and heavier than control males. After birth, control males grew at faster rates than control females. This difference was not affected by neonatal gonadectomy, but from pubertal age onward the difference decreased and gonadectomized males and females were similar in growth. Female pseudohermaphrodites (from TP-treated mothers), both intact and neonatally ovariectomized, had growth curves similar to those of appropriate male controls at prepubertal ages; at postpubertal ages they were not significantly different from their female counterparts. It is concluded that the sex difference in the rate of prepubertal growth is determined by the absence or presence of androgens before birth, and that the difference in postpubertal growth rate is caused by the stimulatory action of the testes and inhibitory action of the ovaries. It was further found that normal female guinea-pigs have a secondary spurt in growth rate, some time after puberty, whereas in males this was much less clear.

scholarly journals The Role of Fetal, Infant, and Childhood Nutrition in the Timing of Sexual Maturation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Valeria Calcaterra ◽  
Hellas Cena ◽  
Corrado Regalbuto ◽  
Federica Vinci ◽  
Debora Porri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Adaptation Response ◽  
Healthy Growth

Puberty is a crucial developmental stage in the life span, necessary to achieve reproductive and somatic maturity. Timing of puberty is modulated by and responds to central neurotransmitters, hormones, and environmental factors leading to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis maturation. The connection between hormones and nutrition during critical periods of growth, like fetal life or infancy, is fundamental for metabolic adaptation response and pubertal development control and prediction. Since birth weight is an important indicator of growth estimation during fetal life, restricted prenatal growth, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and small for gestational age (SGA), may impact endocrine system, affecting pubertal development. Successively, lactation along with early life optimal nutrition during infancy and childhood may be important in order to set up timing of sexual maturation and provide successful reproduction at a later time. Sexual maturation and healthy growth are also influenced by nutrition requirements and diet composition. Early nutritional surveillance and monitoring of pubertal development is recommended in all children, particularly in those at risk, such as the ones born SGA and/or IUGR, as well as in the case of sudden weight gain during infancy. Adequate macro and micronutrient intake is essential for healthy growth and sexual maturity.

scholarly journals Effect of genotype, age of hens and K/k allele on eggshell quality

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ledvinka ◽  
L. Zita ◽  
M. Hubený ◽  
E. Tůmová ◽  
M. Tyller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Feed Mixture ◽  
Eggshell Quality ◽  
Feather Growth ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship

We assessed the influence of the particular genotype, age of layers, feather growth-rate gene, and their mutual interactions on selected indicators of eggshell quality in six groups of hens of the laying type Dominant. The following genotypes were examined in the experiment: Barred Plymouth Rock, Dominant BPR 951 (K) strain, slow-feathering; Barred Plymouth Rock, Dominant BPR 901 (k) strain, fast-feathering; Blue Plymouth Rock, Dominant BLPR 954 (K) strain, slow-feathering; Blue Plymouth Rock, Dominant BLPR 894 (k) strain, fast-feathering; crossbreds of the above strains in the F<sub>1</sub> generation Dominant D 107 blue (K), slow-feathering and Dominant D 107 blue (k), fast-feathering. The layers were fed a feed mixture NP1 (16.64 % CP) from the 20<sup>th</sup> week of age and a feed mixture NP2 (15.02% CP) from the 42<sup>nd</sup> week. Husbandry conditions met the regular requirements of laying hens. Egg production and live weight of hens were monitored for the duration of the experiment (12 months). Eggshell quality was examined at the layers' age of 27, 35 and 56 weeks. The average hen-day egg production for the duration of the experiment (12 months) was not significantly influenced by the particular genotype or the feather growth-rate gene. The varying representation of the feather growth-rate gene significantly (P &le; 0.001) influenced the live weight; similarly, the relationship between the genotype and the representation of K/k alleles was significant. The average egg weight was influenced statistically significantly (P &le; 0.001) by the age of hens, their genotype (P &le; 0.05), feather growth-rate gene (P &le; 0.001), and the relationship between the age and genotype (P &le; 0.001). The age of hens, genotype, and the interaction of these two factors affected the egg shape index, as did the incidence of the feather growth-rate gene within the population (with a statistical significance of P &le; 0.001). The age, genotype and the feather growth-rate gene incidence within the population also significantly affected the eggshell quality indicators. In the eggshell to egg ratio, eggshell thickness and strength, an interaction was determined between the age of hens and their particular genotype. The eggshell colour was also significantly (P &le; 0.001) affected by hens' age, genotype (P &le; 0.001), as well as by the feather growth-rate gene (P &le; 0.001). No significant interaction between the age and the genotype was found for this indicator.

A NOTE ON INFLATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND INCOME INEQUALITY

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Jin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Money Growth ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Endogenous Growth Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Growth

This paper develops a monetary endogenous growth model with capital and skill heterogeneity to analyze the relationship among inflation, growth, and income inequality. In the model inflation, growth, and inequality are jointly determined. We show that an increase in the long-run money growth rate raises inflation and reduces growth, but its effect on income inequality depends on the relative importance of the two types of heterogeneity. Inequality shrinks with the rise of inflation when capital heterogeneity dominates and enlarges when skill heterogeneity dominates. Therefore, our model supports a negative (positive) inflation–inequality relationship and a positive (negative) growth–inequality relationship when capital (skill) heterogeneity dominates. In any event, inflation and growth are negatively related.

Prospects for Cooperation Between Russia and Syria in Various Scenarios of Military Conflict Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Alheder Haled
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

The paper is devoted to determining the prospects for cooperation between Russia and the Syrian Arab Republic in various scenarios of military conflicts. In order to identify the relationship between the success of the country's foreign economic policy and the military conflicts waged on its territory, a study was conducted of such indicators of Syria as: the growth rate of the peace index and the GDP growth rate. A strong inverse correlation is revealed, which means that the level of political situation and peace in the state determines the efficiency of the economy. In view of this, various scenarios of the development of the military conflict in Syria have been studied: at the initial stage, at the stage of active hostilities, at the present stage of overcoming the crisis. The last stage involves four different scenarios for the development of a military conflict, including a local nature and a protracted nature with the involvement of other countries of the world. Options for developing cooperation between Russia and Syria have been identified for each scenario. Taking into account the assessment of the international political situation, the two most likely scenarios for further military events in Syria are identified, and the prospects for cooperation between Russia and Syria in these conditions are outlined.

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