scholarly journals The Role of Fetal, Infant, and Childhood Nutrition in the Timing of Sexual Maturation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Valeria Calcaterra ◽  
Hellas Cena ◽  
Corrado Regalbuto ◽  
Federica Vinci ◽  
Debora Porri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Adaptation Response ◽  
Healthy Growth

Puberty is a crucial developmental stage in the life span, necessary to achieve reproductive and somatic maturity. Timing of puberty is modulated by and responds to central neurotransmitters, hormones, and environmental factors leading to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis maturation. The connection between hormones and nutrition during critical periods of growth, like fetal life or infancy, is fundamental for metabolic adaptation response and pubertal development control and prediction. Since birth weight is an important indicator of growth estimation during fetal life, restricted prenatal growth, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and small for gestational age (SGA), may impact endocrine system, affecting pubertal development. Successively, lactation along with early life optimal nutrition during infancy and childhood may be important in order to set up timing of sexual maturation and provide successful reproduction at a later time. Sexual maturation and healthy growth are also influenced by nutrition requirements and diet composition. Early nutritional surveillance and monitoring of pubertal development is recommended in all children, particularly in those at risk, such as the ones born SGA and/or IUGR, as well as in the case of sudden weight gain during infancy. Adequate macro and micronutrient intake is essential for healthy growth and sexual maturity.

Body phenotypes and sexual maturation in Brazilian and US adolescents: evidence for a change in body mass index Category

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Jéssica Cumpian Silva ◽  
Ana Elisa Madalena Rinaldi ◽  
Francisco de Assis Guedes Vasconcelos ◽  
Maria Alice Altenburg Assis ◽  
Camila Medeiros Mazzeti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pubic Hair ◽  
Cholesterol Ratio

ABSTRACT Objective: Our study aimed to describe body phenotypes (BP) estimated by multivariate analysis and their association with body mass. Design: Body phenotypes were defined based on demographic variables, anthropometric data (body mass, height, skinfolds and circumferences), body composition (phase angle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis), biochemical parameters (triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol ratio/Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL), haemoglobin and sexual maturation (pubic hair and breasts or gonads). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to verify the differences between skin colour and the stages of pubertal development, body phenotypes, body composition, anthropometric, and biochemical variables. Setting: Cities of São Paulo-SP, Piracicaba-SP and Florianópolis-SC from Brazil and the United States. Participants: 9269 adolescents aged between 10 to 15 years old. Results: The composition of BP was similar in all surveys, which are: BP1 was composed by skinfolds, body mass and circumferences variables; BP2 by pubic hair, breast in girls or gonad in boys, height and age; BP3 by cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose; and BP4 by phase angle, haemoglobin and glucose (negative loading). There was a strong correlation (r = 0.9, p <0.001) between BP1 and body mass index. Conclusion: We highlighted independence observed between biochemical parameters, anthropometry, body composition and sexual maturation. BP may support the calculation of scores for diagnosis of obesity based on anthropometric variables and overcome ambiguity in the isolated use of body mass index.

A comparison of self-reported puberty using the Pubertal Development Scale and the Sexual Maturation Scale in a school-based epidemiologic survey

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyndal Bond ◽  
Jackie Clements ◽  
Nadine Bertalli ◽  
Tracy Evans-Whipp ◽  
Barbara J. McMorris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Epidemiologic Survey ◽  
School Based

scholarly journals Prenatal and postnatal growth: An ultrasound and clinical investigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Shahista Parveen ◽  
Rohan Mascarenhas ◽  
Akhter Husain ◽  
Devadas Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Facial Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Growth Assessment

Background Understanding facial development requires sound knowledge of growth at different stages. Although studies in the past have established the relationship between prenatal and postnatal growth, little research has been done using noninvasive ultrasound. The purpose of this study is to evaluate correlation between prenatal and postnatal growths using ultrasound as a fetal growth assessment tool. Study Settings: It is a hospital-based study where prenatal growth is measured at different intervals of gestational period and compared with the growth at birth. Materials and Methods: Ten subjects with normal pregnancy were studied using ultrasound. Cephalocaudal growth gradient, body proportions of the fetus were assessed and compared at different stages. Growth was also evaluated at birth and compared with the predicted growth. Results The growth rate of estimated fetal weight is at maximum between the 28th and 32nd week of the fetal life (P ≤ 0.001). The growth rate of head circumference, occipitofrontal diameter, and femur length is maximum between the 20th and 28th week of the fetal life (P < 0.001). Cephalocaudal growth gradient decreases with increased age of the fetus. Conclusions Prenatal growth is correlated with postnatal growth. Ultrasound can be used as a tool for the measurement and prediction of prenatal and postnatal growths.

PRENATAL AND NEONATAL NUTRITION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
Clement A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Prenatal Nutrition ◽  
Base Camp ◽  
Neonatal Nutrition ◽  
Special Information ◽  
The Many ◽  
Newborn Animals

MOST AWARD RECIPIENTS have made carefully planned and masterfully executed investigations of some unexplored nutritional territory, which they could fully describe at such a time as this. I can report only a few disconnected explorations which discovered some useful points of view and uncovered some awkward pitfalls for future travellers. While thanking the Borden Company for the honor of being here, I should like also thank the many colleagues who did most of the work of our explorations, the Boston Lying-in Hospital, which has been such a comfortable base camp, and the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, whose financial backing has been so necessary and so generous. PRENATAL NUTRITION Our thinking about unborn and newborn babies seems to have dealt so much with other problems than their nutrition and growth that prenatal nutrition was often studied not by first intention but because of some special opportunity. Perhaps the most fortunate of these came when a maternal blood volume study by our medical and obstetrical colleagues provided us with babies whose prenatally acquired iron molecules could be identified throughout infancy, but that was an interesting side trip on a trail we have not pursued further. Another journey began with Mrs. Bertha Burke's investigations of maternal dietary histories, which afforded the chance to examine a series of infants with much special information attached. The results of our attempts to correlate particular deficiencies in what mothers had eaten during pregnancy with the condition of their infants at birth were disappointing to those so recently stirred by the demonstrations of Dr. Warkany, that specific malformations of newborn animals resulted when maternal diet was restricted in certain nutrients at critical periods of fetal life.

scholarly journals Grazing Management Influences Gut Microbial Diversity of Livestock in the Same Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4160
Author(s):  
Pengfei Song ◽  
Wen Qin ◽  
YanGan Huang ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Zhenyuan Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Qaidam Basin ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Healthy Growth

The composition of gut microbiota is closely related to health and nutrition of livestock. Research on the interaction between gut microbiota in livestock and grazing management strategies is unfortunately sparse. By studying the compositions of gut microbiota in sheep and goats in a single, mixed grazing population under the control of herdsman, as well as those of free-range camels in the same area of Qaidam Basin, we found that the composition of gut microbiota between sheep and goats showed no significant difference. However, there were significant differences between mixed group and camels at α- and β-diversities. We speculate that grazing management can shape gut microbial diversity indirectly. Mixed grazing under the control of herdsman lead to similarities in the diversity of gut microbiota among different species and limit their diversities of gut microbiota, which is not conducive to healthy growth of the host. On the contrary, free-range grazing is better for the diversity of gut microbiota. In order to sustainably manage populations of livestock, gut microbiota analysis may prove to be an important indicator for evaluating the merits of different grazing management strategies. Our results lay a foundation to improve the health of livestock and grazing management.

scholarly journals Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances during Fetal Life and Pubertal Development in Boys and Girls from the Danish National Birth Cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 017004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Ernst ◽  
Nis Brix ◽  
Lea Lykke Braskhøj Lauridsen ◽  
Jørn Olsen ◽  
Erik Thorup Parner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Perfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Danish National Birth Cohort

scholarly journals Prolactin affects leptin action in the bovine mammary gland via the mammary fat pad

2006 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Feuermann ◽  
S J Mabjeesh ◽  
L Niv-Spector ◽  
D Levin ◽  
A Shamay
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Bovine Mammary Gland ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Mammary Fat Pad ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning ◽  
Energy Consuming

One of the roles of the endocrine system is to synchronize mammary function. Hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin act directly on the mammary gland. Metabolic hormones, such as GH, glucocorticoids, insulin, and leptin are responsible for coordinating the body’s response to metabolic homeostasis. Leptin has been shown to be an important factor in regulating the metabolic adaptation of nutrient partitioning during the energy-consuming processes of lactation. In the present study, we show that leptin is secreted from the mammary fat, and is regulated by prolactin. The expression of α-casein in a co-culture of epithelial cells and fat explants was enhanced by prolactin compared with that in epithelial cells cultured alone. Leptin antagonist abolished the effect of leptin on α-casein expression in mammary gland explants when exogenous leptin was not present in the medium. This finding supports our hypothesis that the antagonist abolishes the action of endogenous leptin secreted by the mammary adipocytes. These results lead us to the hypothesis that prolactin and leptin act in the bovine mammary gland, via mammary fat pad/adipocytes.

scholarly journals Hormonal Imprinting: The First Cellular-level Evidence of Epigenetic Inheritance and its Present State

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 409-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Csaba
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Hormonal Imprinting ◽  
Adult Age

Hormonal imprinting takes place perinatally at the first encounter between the developing hormone receptor and its target hormone. This process is needed for the normal function of the receptor- hormone pair and its effect is life-long. However, in this critical period, when the developmental window is open, related molecules (members of the same hormone family, synthetic hormones and hormone-like molecules, endocrine disruptors) also can be bound by the receptor, causing life-long faulty imprinting. In this case, the receptors’ binding capacity changes and alterations are caused at adult age in the sexual and behavioral sphere, in the brain and bones, inclination to diseases and manifestation of diseases, etc. Hereby, faulty hormonal imprinting is the basis of metabolic and immunological imprinting as well as the developmental origin of health and disease (DOHaD). Although the perinatal period is the most critical for faulty imprinting, there are other critical periods as weaning and adolescence, when the original imprinting can be modified or new imprintings develop. Hormonal imprinting is an epigenetic process, without changing the base sequence of DNA, it is inherited in the cell line of the imprinted cells and also transgenerationally (up to 1000 generations in unicellulars and up to the 3rd generation in mammals are justified). Considering the enormously growing number and amount of faulty imprinters (endocrine disruptors) and the hereditary character of faulty imprinting, this latter is threatening the whole human endocrine system.

scholarly journals Ibuprofen alters human testicular physiology to produce a state of compensated hypogonadism

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. E715-E724 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Møbjerg Kristensen ◽  
Christèle Desdoits-Lethimonier ◽  
Abigail L. Mackey ◽  
Marlene Danner Dalgaard ◽  
Federico De Masi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Western World ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Steroidogenic Cell ◽  
Physical Disorders ◽  
Mild Analgesics

Concern has been raised over increased male reproductive disorders in the Western world, and the disruption of male endocrinology has been suggested to play a central role. Several studies have shown that mild analgesics exposure during fetal life is associated with antiandrogenic effects and congenital malformations, but the effects on the adult man remain largely unknown. Through a clinical trial with young men exposed to ibuprofen, we show that the analgesic resulted in the clinical condition named “compensated hypogonadism," a condition prevalent among elderly men and associated with reproductive and physical disorders. In the men, luteinizing hormone (LH) and ibuprofen plasma levels were positively correlated, and the testosterone/LH ratio decreased. Using adult testis explants exposed or not exposed to ibuprofen, we demonstrate that the endocrine capabilities from testicular Leydig and Sertoli cells, including testosterone production, were suppressed through transcriptional repression. This effect was also observed in a human steroidogenic cell line. Our data demonstrate that ibuprofen alters the endocrine system via selective transcriptional repression in the human testes, thereby inducing compensated hypogonadism.

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