Physiology of Flower Development Stages in Siam Citrus Plants

For an adequate quality evaluation of aromatic plants grown under different conditions, a rapid, simple and sensitive method for the analysis of volatile constituents is indispensable. The main objective of the present study was to compare fast screening of German chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla L.) by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with conventional isolation of the essential oil (steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDSE)) for the differentiation of chamomile essential oil constituents. Flowers were harvested at two distinct development stages: stage I, when ligulate flowers start to develop and tubular flowers are still closed, and stage II, when tubular flowers are partially to completely opened. Dried chamomile flowers at two development stages were extracted by means of both SDSE and HS-SPME, followed by GC-MS analysis. Among 30 compounds detected, ( E)-β-farnesene (49%), artemisia ketone (10%) and germacrene D (9%) were the predominant volatile components in the HS-SPME-extract, while α-bisabolol oxide A (42%), chamazulene (21%) and ( Z)-spiroether (8%) were the main essential oil constituents among the 13 compounds obtained by SDSE. After statistical analysis of the data, both techniques enabled the same conclusion: ( E)-β-farnesene was the only compound which showed significant differences between the two flower development stages. These results suggest that HS-SPME-GC-MS can be used as a sensitive technique for the rapid screening and quality assessment of M. chamomilla.

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ASSESSMENT OF TIMING OF BUD DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF FLOWER INFLORESCENCE IN BLACKBERRY (Rubus spp.) CULTIVARS IN NORTHERN TURKEY

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus ◽

10.24326/asphc.2020.5.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 13-22

Author(s):

Beril Kocaman ◽

Hüsnü Demirsoy ◽

Leyla Demirsoy

Keyword(s):

Flower Development ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Axillary Bud ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Development Stages ◽

Terminal Flower ◽

Flower Bud Differentiation ◽

One Year ◽

The One ◽

Lateral Branches

Blackberry (Rubus spp.) production is attracting interest in Turkey’s northern part, but information on timing of bud differentiation and developmental stages of flower inflorescence on next season is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the timing of bud differentiation and development stages of flower inflorescence in 4 biennial fruiting blackberry (Rubus spp.) cultivars (‘Chester’, ‘Dirksen Thornless’, ‘Jumbo’, ‘Bursa 1’) grown in northern Turkey. Axillary bud samples were collected from the middle parts of the one year of lateral branches every 7–15 days from September 2008 to May 2010. Ten development stages were identified from the flower bud differentiation to post-bloom period. The transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage occurred during September to October, with the differentiation of the terminal flower occurring on September 18 in ‘Bursa 1’, October 4–9 in ‘Dirksen Thornless’, October 16–20 in ‘Jumbo’, and October 20–22 in ‘Chester’. In all the examined cultivars, flower development occurred between September and June and lasted for 193–215 days.

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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Regulatory Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Metabolism During Flower Development in Lycoris radiata

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.761862 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ning Wang ◽

Xiaochun Shu ◽

Fengjiao Zhang ◽

Weibing Zhuang ◽

Tao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcriptome Analysis ◽

Flower Development ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Level ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Comparative Transcriptome ◽

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis ◽

Development Stages ◽

Lycoris Radiata

Lycoris is used as a garden flower due to the colorful and its special flowers. Floral coloration of Lycoris is a vital trait that is mainly regulated via the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of Lycoris radiata petals at four different flower development stages. A total of 38,798 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA sequencing, and the correlation between the expression level of the DEGs and the anthocyanin content was explored. The identified DEGs are significantly categorized into ‘flavonoid biosynthesis,’ ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,’ ‘Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis,’ ‘terpenoid backbone biosynthesis’ and ‘plant hormone signal transduction’ by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The candidate genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation in L. radiata petals during flower development stages were also identified, which included 56 structural genes (especially LrDFR1 and LrFLS) as well as 27 key transcription factor DEGs (such as C3H, GATA, MYB, and NAC). In addition, a key structural gene namely LrDFR1 of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was identified as a hub gene in anthocyanin metabolism network. During flower development stages, the expression level of LrDFR1 was positively correlated with the anthocyanin content. Subcellular localization revealed that LrDFR1 is majorly localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. Overexpression of LrDFR1 increased the anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves and Lycoris petals, suggesting that LrDFR1 acts as a positively regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our results provide new insights for elucidating the function of anthocyanins in L. radiata petal coloring during flower development.

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Apomictic development during different flower development stages in Crataegus tanacetifolia (Lam.) Pers., endemic to Turkey

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb13210911 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 10911

Author(s):

Aslıhan ÇETİNBAŞ-GENÇ ◽

Meral ÜNAL

Keyword(s):

Flower Development ◽

Cell Formation ◽

Embryo Sac ◽

Development Stage ◽

Egg Cell ◽

Filiform Apparatus ◽

Initial Cell ◽

Development Stages ◽

Antipodal Cells ◽

Regular Meiosis

In this study, aposporic apomictic development and its relation to the different flower development stages were investigated by light and fluorescence microscopy in Crataegus tanacetifolia (Lam.) Pers. (Rosaceae). At pre-anthesis stage, aposporic initial cell differentiated at the somatic nucellus tissue shortly after the megaspore mother cell formation. The volume of aposporic initial cell increased during the generation of dyad and megaspore tetrad respectively by regular meiosis. At this stage, linear megaspore tetrad and vacuolated aposporic initial cell were located side by side into the same ovule. At anthesis stage, before pollination, four nucleated aposporic embryo sac was formed while sexual development came to end by atrophy of megaspores completely. At this stage, atrophied megaspores and two nucleated aposporic embryo sac were located side by side into the same ovule. At post-anthesis stage, pollination still had not begun and ovule contained only eight nucleated aposporic embryo sac. Mature aposporic embryo sac was composed of two synergid cells and one egg cell on the micropylar side, three antipodal cells on the chalazal side and a central cell with two polar nuclei in the middle of the sac. The absence of filiform apparatus in the synergid cells was quite remarkable. No callose accumulation around the aposporic initial cell was observed in any development stage. Pollination started shortly after the proembryo formation. Embryo and endosperm developed without fertilization due to the problems encountered in reaching pollen tubes to the ovary.

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Flower Development of Ornamental Crabapple According to BBCH Scale

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Horticulture ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:0041 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 147 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tabita Teodora LISANDRU ◽

Adrian FÜSTÖS ◽

Adelina DUMITRAŞ ◽

Viorel MITRE

Keyword(s):

Flower Development ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Visual Assessment ◽

Green Spaces ◽

Development Stages ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Chemische Industrie ◽

Urban Conditions ◽

Landscape Trees

Crabapples offer a wide variety of tree forms and size, leaf shapes, flowers and colourful fruits which improve the quality of green spaces, being an excellent four-season landscape trees. The aim of this study was to determine flower development of Malus x zumi ‘Professor Sprenger’ using Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt, and Chemische Industrie - BBCH code under urban conditions. Observations were made weekly during two growing seasons to identify the flowering stages. Flower development of ornamental crabapple described according to BBCH scale started from flower induction until dormancy. Knowing the flower development stages of ‘Professor Sprenger’ variety provide information on visual assessment protocols from urban areas and determine the species’ most ornamental period of the year.

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Micromorphology of nectaries of Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. at different flower development stages

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2007.025 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 15-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽

Mirosława Chwil ◽

Magdalena Michońska

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Flower Development ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Lateral Wall ◽

Nectar Secretion ◽

Full Bloom ◽

Great Density ◽

Development Stages ◽

Cuticle Development ◽

Scanning Electron

The analysis of the structure of fl oral nectaries of <i>Rhododendron catawbiense</i> Michx. was performed using stereoscopic, light and scanning electron microscopy. Nectaries were sampled at different development stages: closed bud, budburst and full bloom. The nectary gland exhibits clear ribbings corresponding to fi ve small ribs of the ovary. In the top part of the gland, unicellular and multicellular non-glandular trichomes occur in great density. The upper surface of the nectary differs from its lateral surface by a stronger degree of cuticle development. Stomata are evenly distributed on the upper surface and in the higher regions of the lateral wall. The cuticle forms clear striae on the surface of stomatal cells. Stomata at different development stages were observed, as well as the beginning of nectar secretion which takes places already in the closed bud.

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