scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF TIMING OF BUD DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF FLOWER INFLORESCENCE IN BLACKBERRY (Rubus spp.) CULTIVARS IN NORTHERN TURKEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Beril Kocaman ◽  
Hüsnü Demirsoy ◽  
Leyla Demirsoy
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Lateral Branches

Blackberry (Rubus spp.) production is attracting interest in Turkey’s northern part, but information on timing of bud differentiation and developmental stages of flower inflorescence on next season is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the timing of bud differentiation and development stages of flower inflorescence in 4 biennial fruiting blackberry (Rubus spp.) cultivars (‘Chester’, ‘Dirksen Thornless’, ‘Jumbo’, ‘Bursa 1’) grown in northern Turkey. Axillary bud samples were collected from the middle parts of the one year of lateral branches every 7–15 days from September 2008 to May 2010. Ten development stages were identified from the flower bud differentiation to post-bloom period. The transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage occurred during September to October, with the differentiation of the terminal flower occurring on September 18 in ‘Bursa 1’, October 4–9 in ‘Dirksen Thornless’, October 16–20 in ‘Jumbo’, and October 20–22 in ‘Chester’. In all the examined cultivars, flower development occurred between September and June and lasted for 193–215 days.

Observing microscopic phases of lichen life cycles on transparent substrata placed in situ

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. SANDERS
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Lichen Community ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Observation Period

The utility of plastic cover slips as a substratum for in situ study of lichen developmental stages is further explored in a neotropical foliicolous lichen community and in a European temperate corticolous community. Twenty-one months after placement in the tropical forest, the cover slips bore foliicolous lichen thalli with several species producing characteristic ascocarps and ascospores, indicating the suitability of the substratum for completion of the life cycle of these lichens. On cover slips placed within the temperate corticolous community, lichen propagules anchored to the substratum with relatively short attachment hyphae but did not develop further within the one year observation period. Intimately intermixed microbial communities of short-celled, mainly pigmented fungi and chlorophyte algae developed upon the transparent substratum. Among the algae, Trebouxia cells, often in groups showing cell division and without associated lichenizing hyphae, were commonly observed. The potential significance of the free-living populations in the life cycle of Trebouxia and in those of Trebouxia-associated lichen fungi is discussed.

scholarly journals Flower Bud Stage and Chill Hours Influence the Activity of GA3 Applied to Rabbiteye Blueberry

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. NeSmith ◽  
Gerard Krewer
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Vaccinium Ashei

Individual flower clusters of `Tifblue' rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) were treated with 300 ppm GA at several flower bud stages to determine the activity of the growth regulator in promoting fruit set. Applications were made one time only at a specified stage of flower development, or once followed by a second application. A single application of GA when flower buds had elongated but corollas had not expanded (stage 5) led to the largest increase in fruit set. Two applications of GA, 10 to 18 days apart, increased fruit set compared with a single application at flower developmental stages other than stage 5. Fruit set promoted by a single spray of GA imposed on fully expanded corollas (stage 6) decreased with increasing number of chill hours (350, 520, 760, or 1150). Chemical names used: gibberellic acid (GA).

scholarly journals A Three-dimensional Analysis of Summer Dormancy in the Red Spider Lily (Lycoris radiata)

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1459-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhuo Cai ◽  
Junjun Fan ◽  
Xuying Wei ◽  
Lu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Activity ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Summer Dormancy ◽  
Lycoris Radiata ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation

Lycoris radiata has beautiful bright-red flowers with both medicinal and ornamental value. However, the mechanisms underlying an unusual characteristic of Lycoris radiata, flowering without leaves, remain unclear. In this study, climatic influences, biomass composition, and yearly variations in bulb contents across eight developmental stages of L. radiata were analyzed. Thus, L. radiata summer dormancy was investigated in three dimensions: climate-associated phenology, biomass distribution characteristics, and physiologic bulb changes. The results showed that dormancy was most strongly affected by high ambient temperature, followed by scape development, flowering, leafing out, vigorous leaf growth, flower bud differentiation, flower bud predifferentiation, and leaf maturation. Biomass allocation, bulb contents, oxidoreductase activity, and root activity fluctuated significantly in L. radiata among developmental stages. Relative bulb dry weight was greatest during the dormant period (95.95% of total dry weight) and lowest during vigorous leaf growth (November–December). Root biomass was also significantly greater during dormancy than during flowering, leaf maturation, and flower bud differentiation. Only root biomass during vigorous leaf growth was greater than root biomass during dormancy. However, in dormant bulbs, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, root activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and peroxidase (POD) activity decreased. Thus, summer dormancy in L. radiata only constitutes a morphologic dormancy of the aboveground plant; the bulb and root remain physiologically active. The results suggest that L. radiata is sensitive to both ambient temperature and light, and that summer dormancy is triggered by the synergistic stimulation of these two factors. Although temperature controls dormancy, it plays only a limited regulatory role during the L. radiata flowering period. Thus, it is difficult to induce flowering or regulate annual flowering in this species through temperature control alone.

scholarly journals Low Overnight Temperature-Induced Gibberellin Accumulation Increases Locule Number in Tomato

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3042
Author(s):  
Yanbing Li ◽  
Meihua Sun ◽  
Hengzuo Xiang ◽  
Yudong Liu ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation

The number of locules in tomato affects fruit size, shape, and the incidence of malformation. Low temperature increases locule number and the incidences of malformation in tomato plants. In this study, three flower bud developmental stages (pre-flower bud differentiation, sepal and petal primordium formation, and carpel primordium formation) under different night temperatures (10, 15, and 20 °C) were used to analyze the reason behind locule number change using an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approach, Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The results showed that the “plant hormone signal transduction”, “starch and sucrose metabolism”, and “diterpenoid biosynthesis” categories were remarkably activated during flower bud differentiation. Transcripts of gibberellin (GA)-related genes and endogenous levels of GAs were analyzed, and it was discovered that SlGA2ox genes were significantly downregulated and bioactive GA1 and GA4 accumulated at lower overnight temperature. Exogenous application of bioactive GA1, GA4, and PAC (paclobutrazol) showed that GA1 and GA4 increased the locule number, while PAC decreased the locule number. Taken together, our results suggest that lower overnight temperature reduced the expression of SlGA2ox genes, leading to GA1 and GA4 accumulation, thereby increasing locule number in tomato.

scholarly journals Transcriptome profiling for floral development in reblooming cultivar ‘High Noon’ of Paeonia suffruticosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanting Chang ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Wenbo Zhang ◽  
Lin Zhou ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Paeonia Suffruticosa ◽  
Tree Peony ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
High Noon

Abstract Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrew) is a popular ornamental plant due to its large, fragrant and colorful flowers. The floral development is the most important event in its lifecycle. To explore the mechanism that regulate flower development, we sequenced the flower bud transcriptomes of ‘High Noon’, a reblooming cultivar of P. suffruticosa × P. lutea, using both full-length isoform-sequencing (ISO-seq) and RNA-seq were sequenced. A total of 15.94 Gb raw data were generated in full-length transcriptome sequencing of the 3 floral developmental stages, resulting 0.11 M protein-coding transcripts. Over 457.0 million reads were obtained by RNA-seq in the 3 floral buds. Here, we openly released the full-length transcriptome database of ‘High Noon’ and RNA-seq database of floral development. These databases can provide a fundamental genetic information of tree peony to investigate its transcript structure, variants and evolution. Data will facilitate to deep analyses of the transcriptome for flower development.

scholarly journals 615 PB 293 BAGGING APPLE TREE LEADERS INCREASES LATERAL SHOOT DEVELOPMENT

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 520c-520
Author(s):  
Matt J. Stasiak ◽  
Teryl R Roper
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bud Emergence ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Lateral Branches

Inadequate branch production on apple trees can result in reduced bearing surface and problems with tree training. We sought to increase the number of lateral shoots by enclosing the one year old portion of the central leader of two year old `Jonamac', `Red Jonagold', and `Scarlet Gala', apple trees two weeks prior to bud emergence. The bags were then removed when the longest shoots in the bag were approximately 2.5 cm long. After leaf fall the number and length of shoots in the bagged sections were measured. The number of lateral shoots >5 cm in length produced on the bagged sections of the leaders was increased by 3.7. Total lateral growth on the central leader increased by 149 cm per tree. Trunk cross-sectional area, tree height, or production of lateral shoots >5 cm were not affected by bagging. Differences between clear and orange bags were not significant. Bagging appeared to be an efficient means to induce trees to produce lateral branches. The greatest benefit would be to varieties like `Jonamac' and `Red Jonagold' which averaged only 1.7 laterals without bags.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Application of Different Methods of Observation Provides New Insight into Flower Bud Differentiation of Double-flowered Paeonia lactiflora ‘Dafugui’

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Jianjun Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhu ◽  
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva ◽  
Yongming Fan ◽  
Xiaonan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Paeonia Lactiflora ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Bud Initiation

The analysis of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) floral bud initiation and differentiation from autumn to early spring is important because flower formation is strictly correlated with flowering in late spring. A clear understanding of peony flower development would allow management practices to be optimized for stable annual production and supply of cut flowers. The aim of this research was to study the time-sensitive characteristics underlying flower development in peony cultivar ‘Dafugui’. Flower bud differentiation was assessed by paraffin and hand-made slices, as well as stereomicroscopy. Both methods have strengths and weaknesses. Our observations are not entirely consistent with those of previous studies. Flower bud differentiation in ‘Dafugui’, which starts from late September to mid-April of the following year, is divided into differentiation of the lower parts (separate differentiation periods for the bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, and pistillodes) and upper parts (separate differentiation periods for the petals, stamens, and pistil), and is closely related to annual changes in ambient temperature. Differentiation of lower flower buds takes place before winter dormancy, whereas that of upper parts starts early in the following spring, and finally forms a double-flowered type. The three methods used in this article can be used to study P. lactiflora flower bud differentiation and can contribute to an understanding of this process in the future.

scholarly journals Differentiation and growth of a growing point until the stage of flower bud appearance in leading common buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat varieties in northern Japan

Fagopyrum ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Shinya Kasajima ◽  
Ikumi Yoshimaru ◽  
Hirotake Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Common Buckwheat ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Northern Japan

Studies regarding the developmental stage of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) have not been adequately performed despite its importance in studying the yield-determining process. In addition, the difference between common buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) is still unclear. In the present study, the differentiation and growth of the growing point until the stage of flower bud appearance were evaluated in the common buckwheat variety ‘Kitawasesoba’ and the Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Manten-Kirari’, which are the leading buckwheat varieties in Hokkaido, Japan. With some exceptions, the developmental stages of ‘Kitawasesoba’ and ‘Manten-Kirari’ can be distinguished. Thus, leaf primordia, axillary flower bud, and terminal flower bud differentiations and growths were observed. Both the common and Tartary buckwheat varieties did not exhibit large differences in the morphology of the growing point. However, the two varieties showed differences in the rates of differentiation and growth.Received: April 11, 2019; accepted: June 8, 2019Keywords: common buckwheat, developmental stage, growing point, Hokkaido, Tartary buckwheat

scholarly journals Growth Retardant Use on Herbaceous Perennials Grown Under Night-Interrupted Lighting Outdoors in the Southern United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
J. Raymond Kessler ◽  
James C. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Abstract A study was conducted in 2002 and 2003 to determine if growth retardants could be used to suppress stem elongation of ‘Moonbeam’ coreopsis (Coreopsis verticillata L. ‘Moonbeam’) and ‘Goldsturm’ coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida Aiton ‘Goldsturm’) when grown outdoors under nursery conditions in the southern United States without negating the benefits of earlier flowering from night-interrupted lighting (NIL). Night-interrupted lighting accelerated flowering of both cultivars without adversely affecting flower and flower bud counts or plant quality. However, plants grown under NIL generally were taller than plants grown under natural photoperiod (NP). When several PGRs [Cutless, B-Nine, B-Nine/Cycocel, Bonzi (2002 only), and Sumagic (2003 only)] were applied to plants under NIL, results varied with PGR type and concentration and year. Height of ‘Moonbeam’ coreopsis was effectively suppressed by 5000 or 7500 ppm B-Nine + 1500 ppm Cycocel in both years of the study and with 40 or 60 ppm Sumagic in the one year it was tested. Higher concentrations of Cutless and B-Nine suppressed height growth in 1 of 2 years, while Bonzi was ineffective. None of the PGR types or concentrations suppressed height growth of ‘Goldsturm’ coneflower to the level of the NP control in 2002. However, in 2003 when an additional application of Cutless and B-Nine were made, and Bonzi was replaced with Sumagic, applications of Cutless, B-Nine, B-Nine/Cycocel, and Sumagic all resulted in heights similar to or less than that of plants under NP with minimal effects on time to flower or flower and flower bud counts.

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