scholarly journals Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID): An Acute Response to Ocular Insult Protects from Future Immune-Mediated Damage?

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. OED.S2858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Cone ◽  
Roshan Pais
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Ocular Tissue ◽  
Immune Deviation ◽  
Acute Response ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Humoral Responses

The “immune privilege” that inhibits immune defense mechanisms that could lead to damage to sensitive ocular tissue is based on the expression of immunosuppressive factors on ocular tissue and in ocular fluids. In addition to this environmental protection, the injection of antigen into the anterior chamber or infection in the anterior chamber induces a systemic suppression of potentially damaging cell-mediated and humoral responses to the antigen. Here we discuss evidence that suggests that Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID)a is initiated by an ocular response to moderate inflammation that leads to a systemic immunoregulatory response. Injection into the anterior chamber induces a rise in TNF-α and MCP-1 in aqueous humor and an infiltration of circulating F4/80+ monocytes that home to the iris. The induction of ACAID is dependent on this infiltration of circulating monocytes that eventually emigrate to the thymus and spleen where they induce regulatory T cells that inhibit the inductive or effector phases of a cell-mediated immune response. ACAID therefore protects the eye from the collateral damage of an immune response to infection by suppressing a future potentially damaging response to infection.

scholarly journals Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1457
Author(s):  
Dewald Schoeman ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Inhibition Antibody ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Over the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs—SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2—briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents.

scholarly journals Role of Opsonophagocytosis in Immune Protection against Malaria

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Wolfgang W. Leitner ◽  
Megan Haraway ◽  
Tony Pierson ◽  
Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Simple Measurement ◽  
Humoral Responses

The quest for immune correlates of protection continues to slow vaccine development. To date, only vaccine-induced antibodies have been confirmed as direct immune correlates of protection against a plethora of pathogens. Vaccine immunologists, however, have learned through extensive characterizations of humoral responses that the quantitative assessment of antibody responses alone often fails to correlate with protective immunity or vaccine efficacy. Despite these limitations, the simple measurement of post-vaccination antibody titers remains the most widely used approaches for vaccine evaluation. Developing and performing functional assays to assess the biological activity of pathogen-specific responses continues to gain momentum; integrating serological assessments with functional data will ultimately result in the identification of mechanisms that contribute to protective immunity and will guide vaccine development. One of these functional readouts is phagocytosis of antigenic material tagged by immune molecules such as antibodies and/or complement components. This review summarizes our current understanding of how phagocytosis contributes to immune defense against pathogens, the pathways involved, and defense mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to deal with the threat of phagocytic removal and destruction of pathogens.

scholarly journals Saccharomyces boulardii modulates and improves the immune response to Bovine Herpesvirus type 5 Vaccine

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.B. Roos ◽  
L.F.C. Avila ◽  
R.T. Sturbelle ◽  
F.L.L. Leite ◽  
G. Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Saccharomyces Boulardii ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Th1 Response ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus Type 5

ABSTRACT There have been significant efforts towards the development of more efficient vaccines for animal health. A strategy that may be used to improve vaccine efficacy is the use of probiotics to enhance the immune response of the host, leading to increased immunogenicity of antigen preparations. Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) is an example of an important animal pathogen for which vaccines have provided only limited protection. In this study, we examined the use of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) as a potential adjuvant to improve vaccine efficiency. We found that the supplemented animals exhibited an enhanced systemic IgG antibody response toward a Th1 response in favor of IgG2a and increased mRNA expression levels of the cytokines IFN-y, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-10 in the spleen. These results suggest that Sb supplementation may provide a promising means for improving the efficiency of vaccines, particularly those that rely on a cell-mediated immune response.

Inducing a cell-mediated immune response against peptides of thePlasmodium vivaxcircumsporozoite protein

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Thomas ◽  
K. Sridevi ◽  
N. Chopra ◽  
W. Haq ◽  
D. N. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
A Cell

Protection from CMV infection in immunodeficient hosts by adoptive transfer of memory B cells

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (9) ◽  
pp. 3472-3479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Klenovsek ◽  
Florian Weisel ◽  
Andrea Schneider ◽  
Uwe Appelt ◽  
Stipan Jonjic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
A Cell

AbstractSevere disease associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is still a major problem in patients who undergo transplantation. Support of the patients' immune defense against the virus is a major goal in transplantation medicine. We have used the murine model of CMV (MCMV) to investigate the potential of a cell-based strategy to support the humoral antiviral immune response. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice were infected with MCMV, and memory B cells from the immune animals were adoptively transferred into T-cell– and B-cell–deficient RAG-1−/− mice. Following MCMV infection, a virus-specific IgG response developed within 4 to 7 days in the recipient animals. Concomitantly, a significant reduction in viral titers and DNA copies in several organs was observed. In addition, the memory B-cell transfer provided long-term protection from the lethal course of the infection that is invariably seen in immunodeficient animals. Transfer of memory B cells was also effective in protecting from an already ongoing viral infection, indicating a therapeutic potential of virus-specific memory B cells. T cells were not involved in this process. Our data provide evidence that a cell-based strategy to support the humoral immune response can be effective to combat infectious pathogens in severely immunodeficient hosts.

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