EFFECT OF FERMENTATION TIME IN THE ARTIFICIAL RUMEN ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY TO DIGESTIBILTY AND INTAKE OF HAY BY SHEEP

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Troelsen ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Relationship

The digestibility and intake of several kinds of hay at several growth stages were measured with sheep. The in vitro digestibility was determined by a two-stage procedure. Because the in vitro digestibility of dry matter was unduly affected by a high solubility of the ash fraction, organic matter digestibility was the preferred criterion. In vitro digestibility was measured after fermentation times of 6, 12, 24, 48 or 96 hr. Significant correlations (P < 0.001) were found between in vivo and in vitro digestibility at each of these times. Near-maximal correlations occurred for most hays at 48 to 96 hr. Regressions for each duration were calculated and were used to estimate durations where equal in vitro and in vivo values should occur. Differences between kinds of hay and interactions between growth stages hindered improvement of the assay procedure by simple adjustments in fermentation duration.Optimal estimates of digestibility and intake occurred at the same fermentation durations. This was attributed to the recognized relationship between digestibility and intake of forage. A change of one unit in the in vitro digestibility was associated with an 18% greater change in intake of grass hay than of alfalfa hay, but at 70% digestibility both kinds of hay were eaten in equal amounts.The optimal fermentation duration for a general assay to predict digestibility and intake was about 48 hr. Further improvements appeared to require knowledge about differences in kinds and growth stages of hay, in their physical and chemical reaction to in vivo mastication and digestion as compared with grinding and in vitro digestion.

Adrenocortical function in aging exercise-trained rats

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Severson ◽  
R. D. Fell ◽  
J. G. Tuig ◽  
D. R. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Corticosterone Concentration ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Plasma corticosterone concentrations and in vitro adrenal secretion of corticosterone were determined in exercise-trained rats. Rats, 100, 200, and 300 days of age, were trained for a 10-wk period by treadmill running. Following the training program, rats were subjected to an acute bout of swimming. Acute swimming elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations in all age groups. At 170 days of age, the plasma corticosterone concentration following swimming was higher in exercise-trained rats than in controls. The opposite was true of acutely swum rats at 270 and 370 days of age. Acute swimming elevated the in vitro adrenal gland response to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation in control rats at all ages and in trained rats at 170 days of age. The in vivo relationship of epinephrine and the pituitary adrenal system is suggested as a mechanism which could have caused this response. The relationship of secretion rates to plasma corticosterone concentrations indicated that extra-adrenal mechanisms, such as decreased turnover, were also responsible for the elevated plasma corticosterone levels observed in response to acute swimming.

Relationship between intake of silage and its chemical composition and in vitro digestibility

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Brown ◽  
JC Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Lactic Acids

Twenty experimental silages were made from seven pasture species at different stages of maturity. In vivo dry matter, organic matter, and energy ad libitum intakes and digestibilities of the silages were determined with standardized pairs of Merino wethers. The following chemical characteristics of the silages were measured: nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total titratable acids, acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acids, total volatiles lost during oven drying, lactic acid as a percentage of the total organic acids, pH, acid pepsin dry matter disappearance, dry matter content, and in vitro digestibility and rate of digestion. When all 20 silages were considered, energy intakes on a body weight basis were significantly related to silage pH (r = 0.55) and rate of in vitro digestion (r = 0.58). When the five legume silages were removed from the analysis and only the 15 grass-dominant silages were considered, dry matter intakes were significantly related to acetic (r = –0.57) and propionic acid (r = –0.55) concentrations. Multiple regression analyses did not significantly increase the accuracy of predicting intake. The results suggested that silage intake was negatively related to the degree of fermentation that occurred during the ensiling process.

IN VITRO INHIBITION OF UDP GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASES BY ATAZANAVIR AND OTHER HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THIS PROPERTY TO IN VIVO BILIRUBIN GLUCURONIDATION

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1729-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donglu Zhang ◽  
Theodore J. Chando ◽  
Donald W. Everett ◽  
Christopher J. Patten ◽  
Shangara S. Dehal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Hiv Protease ◽  
Hiv Protease Inhibitors ◽  
In Vitro Inhibition ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals SIMILARITY OF THE KINETICS OF INVERTASE ACTION IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. III

1933 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Nelson ◽  
B. G. Wilkes
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Identical Manner ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. The relationship of sucrose and water concentration to invertase activity in vivo and in vitro has been studied under the same environmental conditions. 2. The sucroclastic activity of S. cerevisiae cells and of invertase solutions prepared from them reacts to changes in sucrose and water concentration in an identical manner. 3. The invertase contained in living yeast cells is just as freely exposed to the conditions of sucrose and water concentrations of the suspending medium as it would be if it were contained in a cell-free solution. Weight is added to the previous suggestion (2) that yeast invertase exerts its physiological activity in a region quite close to the surface of the cell.

Hematopoietic-repopulating defects from STAT5-deficient bone marrow are not fully accounted for by loss of thrombopoietin responsiveness

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 2965-2972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heath L. Bradley ◽  
Christine Couldrey ◽  
Kevin D. Bunting
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Thrombopoietin Receptor ◽  
Direct Head ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5) plays an important role in repopulating activity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, the relationship of STAT5 activation with early acting cytokine receptors is not well established. We have directly compared bone marrow (BM) from mice mutant for STAT5a and STAT5b (STAT5ab-/-) with that from mice lacking c-Mpl (c-Mpl-/-), the thrombopoietin receptor. Both STAT5 and c-Mpl deficiency only mildly affected committed myeloid progenitors assayed in vitro, but STAT5ab-/- BM showed lower Gr-1+ (4.4-fold), B220+ (23-fold), CD4+ (20-fold), and Ter119+ (17-fold) peripheral blood repopulating activity than c-Mpl-/- BM against wild-type competitor in long-term repopulating assays in vivo. Direct head-to-head competitions of STAT5ab-/- BM and c-Mpl-/- BM showed up to a 25-fold reduction in STAT5ab-/- contribution. Differences affecting reconstitution of primitive c-Kit+Lin-Sca-1+ multipotent progenitor (MPP)/HSC (1.8-fold) and c-Kit+Lin-Sca-1- oligopotent progenitor BM fractions (3.3-fold) were more modest. In serial transplantation experiments, STAT5ab-/- and c-Mpl-/- BM both failed to provide consistent engraftment in tertiary hosts and could not radioprotect lethally irradiated quaternary recipients. These results indicate substantial overlap in c-Mpl-STAT5 signaling defects at the MPP/HSC level but indicate that STAT5 is activated independent of c-Mpl to promote multilineage hematopoietic differentiation. (Blood. 2004;103:2965-2972)

scholarly journals Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in mammalian nuclei. Incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides and chain-terminating nucleotide analogues

1971 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Waqar ◽  
L. A. Burgoyne ◽  
M. R. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis ◽  
Dna Chain ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neighbour Analysis

The properties of a nuclear preparation from rat liver and thymus are described. (1) Nearest-neighbour analysis after incorporation of 32P-labelled nucleotide residues from dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP and arabinofuranosyl analogues of CTP and ATP shows template-dependent DNA synthesis. (2) Where primer termini are limiting, incorporation of arabinofuranosyl analogues of AMP and CMP residues proceeds to a limit indicating that both of these analogues are DNA chain terminators. (3) No large differences have been found between the priming potentialities or the intrinsic DNA polymerase activities of nuclei from resting or regenerating liver and the relationship of this DNA synthesis in vitro to DNA replication or repair in vivo is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Oxytocin Controls Chondrogenesis and Correlates with Osteoarthritis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3966
Author(s):  
Christian H. Roux ◽  
Didier F. Pisani ◽  
Pierre Gillet ◽  
Eric Fontas ◽  
Hédi Ben Yahia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Mrna Transcript ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analyses ◽  
Lesion Severity

This study investigated the relationship of oxytocin (OT) to chondrogenesis and osteoarthritis (OA). Human bone marrow and multipotent adipose-derived stem cells were cultured in vitro in the absence or presence of OT and assayed for mRNA transcript expression along with histological and immunohistochemical analyses. To study the effects of OT in OA in vivo, a rat model and a human cohort of 63 men and 19 women with hand OA and healthy controls, respectively, were used. The baseline circulating OT, interleukin-6, leptin, and oestradiol levels were measured, and hand X-ray examinations were performed for each subject. OT induced increased aggrecan, collagen (Col) X, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein mRNA transcript levels in vitro, and the immunolabelling experiments revealed a normalization of Sox9 and Col II protein expression levels. No histological differences in lesion severity were observed between rat OA groups. In the clinical study, a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, and leptin levels revealed a significant association between OA and lower levels of OT (odds ratio = 0.77; p = 0.012). Serum OT levels are reduced in patients with hand OA, and OT showed a stimulatory effect on chondrogenesis. Thus, OT may contribute to the pathophysiology of OA.

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