COMPARISON OF FEED WITHDRAWAL TIME AND PASSAGE OF GUT CONTENTS IN BROILER CHICKENS HELD IN CRATES OR LITTER PENS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. SUMMERS ◽  
S. LEESON

In two experiments, individually weighed male broiler chickens were held without feed in either conventional transporting crates or litter floor pens. These latter birds received water ad libitum and were given constant light. At regular intervals, 12 of the crated or 10 of the penned birds were killed and the section of the proximal alimentary tract containing feed residue recorded. Carcass yield and water uptake after 2 h immersion in running water at 4 °C was also recorded. Feed residue did not pass through the tract of birds held in crates, since approximately 70% of these birds had feed in their gizzard after 16 h. Holding in pens resulted in a progressive emptying of the gut, such that after 12 h the upper tract was evacuated. Less shrink was observed for birds held in pens, which might be explained by the birds having access to water. It is concluded that the alimentary tract of birds cannot effectively be cleared of feed when birds are held in crates. Thus the time birds spend in transport should not be included in calculating time of feed withdrawal.

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston

Voluntary feed consumption (VFC) decreased when a quantity of the diet being consumed by the sheep was introduced into the rumen. On diets of lucerne hay, lucerne hay plus maize, wheaten hay, and wheaten straw, the decreases in VFC ranged from 90 to 110% of the quantity introduced intraruminally when this quantity varied from 20 to 60% of the VFC during control periods. When sheep consumed wheaten straw ad libitum, and a quantity of coarsely ground wheaten straw equal to 140% of the VFC during a control period was given intraruminally, VFC ceased and digesta accumulated in the rumen. VFC decreased when indigestible materials were introduced into the rumen. The voluntary consumption of lucerne hay decreased by 15% when sawdust was introduced into the rumen at a rate equivalent by weight to 17% of the VFC during a control period ; decreases of 7 and 9% were found when finely ground polyvinyl chloride was introduced at rates equivalent by weight to 25 and 50% respectively of VFC during control periods. The voluntary consumption of wheaten hay decreased by 16 and 19% when sawdust was introduced into the rumen at rates equivalent by weight to 25 and 18% respectively of VFC during control periods. Intraruminal infusions of acetic acid, propionic acid, or a mixture of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids providing 290–510 kcal of energy daily were accompanied by decreases in the voluntary consumption of lucerne hay and wheaten hay; the decreases ranged from 0.29 to 0.86 g dry matter per kcal of energy infused; similar decreases were obtained when propionic acid was infused into the abomasum of sheep given lucerne hay. The intake of lucerne hay was 9% higher when given alone than when supplemented with 6% propionic acid. The results are discussed in relation to factors limiting the intake of lucerne hay and wheaten hay.


1934 ◽  
Vol s2-77 (306) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
K. MANSOUR

1. Rhizopertha dominica, F., Sinoxylon ceratoniae, L., and Bostrychoplites Zickeli, Mars., possess paired mycetomes full of bacteria-like micro-organisms. 2. The transmission of the micro-organisms from one generation of the host to the next is carried out in the following way: (a) Micro-organisms from the mycetomes invade the testis lobes, multiply, and mix with the sperms. (b) These micro-organisms pass with the sperms during copulation into the bursa copulatrix of the female. (c) From this region they pass through the micropyle of the fully formed eggs during their passage to the outside, and thus the infection is accomplished. 3. The invasion of the testis lobes by micro-organisms causes abnormality in the process of spermatogenesis. 4. The micro-organisms in the developing egg are first seen near the micropylar region in the peripheral protoplasm. In a later stage these micro-organisms, which have multiplied greatly by then, are to be found in between the yolk globules towards the posterior pole of the egg. From this stage onwards the course these micro-organisms follow till they reach their final destination in the larva has not been followed. 5. The mycetomes throughout life remain quite isolated from the alimentary tract. 6. The biological relation between the micro-organisms and their host is also discussed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-161
Author(s):  
R. S. Onabanjo ◽  
G. S. Ojewola ◽  
D. N. Onunkwo ◽  
O. O. Adedokun ◽  
E. U. Ewa ◽  
...  

The growing concern about the cost of feed ingredients, use of least cost feed formulation and maintenance of a reliable nutritional requirement for broiler birds irrespective of the season is almost compelling to look for alternatives. Thus, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens fed rice milling waste (RMW) as a replacement for maize. Chemical composition of rice milling waste was determined, while eleven experimental diets each were formulated to contain RMW as replacement for maize at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. Three hundred (300), 7-day-old chicks were allocated to the 11 dietary treatments each having 3 replicate pens with 10 birds per pen in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 6 weeks. Growth performance, carcass yield, organ proportions and economics of production were monitored. Data were subjected to ANOVA at P<0.05. The result from the chemical composition showed that rice milling waste has 89.84% dry matter, 10.80% crude protein and 24.09% crude fibre, while the gross energy was 3789 kcal/g, this showed that RMW is suitable as feed ingredient and as well would not hinder absorption and nutrient utilization. The result of the growth performance showed that broiler chickens fed 10% - 40% RMW had greater average daily weight gain (55.33g- 47.97g), reached a greater slaughter and carcass weight (1500g – 1650g) and were more feed efficient than broiler chicken of the other treatments (P<0.05 for each). In addition, from an economical point of view birds fed 10 - 40% were superior to the other treatments where the cost/kg weight gained (N292.21K – N315.96K) were lower than the remaining treatment groups. Thus, the inclusion of RMW in diet of broiler chickens as a replacement for maize improved nutrient utilization and economic value. It can therefore be recommended that RMW can be used to replace maize between 10% -40% in the diets of broiler chickens.     La préoccupation croissante au sujet du coût des ingrédients alimentaires, de l'utilisation de la formulation d'aliments pour animaux les moins coûteux et du maintien d'une exigence nutritionnelle fiable pour les oiseaux de gril, quelle que soit la saison, est presque convaincante pour chercher d'autres solutions. Ainsi, cette expérience a été menée pour évaluer la performance des poulets à griller nourris aux déchets de fraisage du riz (le 'RMW') comme remplacement du maïs. La composition chimique des déchets de fraisage du riz a été déterminée, tandis que onze régimes expérimentaux ont été formulés pour contenir le 'RMW' comme remplacement pour le maïs à 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% et 100%. Trois cents (300), poussins de 7 jours ont été alloués aux 11 traitements diététiques ayant chacun 3 stylos de répétition avec 10 oiseaux par stylo dans un design complètement randomisé (CRD). L'alimentation et l'eau ont été fournies ad libitum pendant 6 semaines. Les performances de croissance, le rendement de la carcasse, les proportions d'organes et l'économie de la production ont été surveillés. Les données ont été soumises à ANOVA (P<0.05) Le résultat de la composition chimique a montré que les déchets de fraisage du riz ont 89,84% de matière sèche, 10,80% de protéines brutes et 24,09% de fibres brutes, tandis que l'énergie brute était de 3789 kcal/g, ce qui a montré que le 'RMW' est approprié comme ingrédient d'alimentation et ainsi n'entraverait pas l'absorption et l'utilisation des nutriments. Le résultat de la performance de croissance a montré que les poulets a griller nourris 10% - 40% RMW avaient un gain de poids quotidien moyen plus élevé (55.33g- 47.97g), ont atteint un plus grand poids d'abattage et de carcasse (1500g - 1650g) et étaient plus économes en aliments pour des animaux que le poulet de gril des autres traitements (P<0.05 pour chacun). En outre, d'un point de vue économique, les oiseaux nourris de 10 à 40 % étaient supérieurs aux autres traitements où le coût/kg de poids gagné (N292.21 K – N315.96 K) était inférieur à celui des autres groupes de traitement. Ainsi, l'inclusion du RMW dans l'alimentation des poulets de poulet a griller comme remplacement du maïs a amélioré l'utilisation des nutriments et la valeur économique. Il peut donc être recommandé que le 'RMW' peut être utilisé pour remplacer le maïs entre 10% -40% dans les régimes des poulets à griller.


2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Maris Bittar Nussio ◽  
John Tal Huber ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Nussio

The large utilization of coccidiostats in dairy herds has raised the question regards the best product to use, based on better animal performance. Sixty-four Holstein calves were randomly assigned to four treatments at 10 (±4) d of age to evaluate calf performance when fed approved coccidiostats available on the market in Arizona, USA. Calves received a dry calf starter without (control) or with one of the following coccidiostats: lasalocid, 30 mg kg-1; decoquinate, 19 mg kg-1; and monensin, 30 mg kg-1. Calves received 3.6 kg d-1 of a commercial 22% CP:20% fat milk replacer until 6 wk of age. Calves were offered starter "ad libitum" up to 2 kg d-1, and calves had free access to water throughout the trial. Alfalfa hay was offered "ad libitum" after weaning. Performance and dry matter intake (DMI) were monitored for 20 weeks and broken down in different periods of measurement (0-6, 7-12 and 13-20 weeks, respectively). Despite the lower dry matter intake and weight gain for females on monensin treatment during the whole period, differences among coccidiostats were seldom observed under the conditions of this study. Good calf management and the dry, hot climate of Arizona perhaps diminished the chances for subclinical and chronic disease appearance which negated potential differences and differences in calf performances.


2000 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1566-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hinton ◽  
R.J. Buhr ◽  
K.D. Ingram

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2698-2701 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. BAILEY ◽  
N. A. COX ◽  
D. E. COSBY ◽  
L. J. RICHARDSON

The dissemination of Salmonella into various lymphoid-like organs in young broiler chicks after oral and intracloacal inoculation was studied. A three-strain cocktail of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Montevideo, and Salmonella Enter-itidis was administered either orally or intracloacally to day-old chicks. After 1 h, 1 day, or 1 week, the ceca, thymus, liver and gallbladder, spleen, and bursa were sampled for the presence of Salmonella. There was a marked difference in the recovery of Salmonella 1 h postinoculation. Only 6 of 50 samples from orally inoculated chicks were positive compared with 33 of 50 samples from cloacally inoculated samples. In comparison, 24 h and 1 week after inoculation, there was no difference in the number of positive samples between oral or cloacal inoculation. The rapidity of the translocation of the Salmonella from the cloacal inoculum compared to the oral inoculum is likely due to the transient time required for Salmonella to move through the alimentary tract. The method of inoculation did not affect the distribution of serogroups. Of the three serotypes in the composite inoculum, the Salmonella Enteritidis (group D) was recovered only twice in replication 1 and not at all in replication 2. Both the Salmonella Typhimurium (serogroup B) and the Salmonella Montevideo (serogroup C1) were recovered extensively throughout the study.


1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (5) ◽  
pp. F525-F531
Author(s):  
F. H. Leenen ◽  
W. de Jong

In two-kidney one-clip hypertensive rats we evaluated the effect of water restriction on the development and maintenance of severe hypertension (systemic blood pressure 200-230 mmHg). After application of renal arterial clips in rats allowed access to water for 1 or 2 h daily, BP stabilized at 180-190 mmHg. No increase in water intake occurred and plasma renin activity(PRA) (measured before the drinking period) was significantly below the levels observed in ad libitum-drinking hypertensive rats. In rats administered 4 ml water/100 g body weight twice daily by gavage, development of hypertension was more clearly suppressed. Blood pressure increased slowly and reached levels of only 150-170 mmHg. Furthermore, PRA was significantly lower in this group compared with ad libitum-drinking hypertensive animals. In rats with established (4-5 wk) renal hypertension, restriction of water intake to 1 or 2 h daily resulted in a rapid decrease in BP of about 30 mmHg. Daily administration of Pitressin tannate to hypertensive rats allowed free access to water induced a similar decrease in BP as well as suppression of PRA. These results indicate that the hypotensive effect of water restriction in the two-kidney one-clip hypertensive rat model may be mediated, at least in part, through elevated circulating levels of vasopressin that subsequently inhibit renin release.


1975 ◽  
Vol 228 (5) ◽  
pp. 1293-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
M van Gemert ◽  
M Miller ◽  
RJ Carey ◽  
AM Moses

Studies were carried out in the rat to detemine if hypothalamic lesions which caused polydipsia and polyuria had their effect mediated through an alteration of the ability of the neurohypophyseal system to release ADH. Rats with medial preoptic lesions hadincreased water intake while on ad libitum access to water and slightly impaired ability to conserve water following dehydration, but with no impairment of urine-concentrating ability. These were associated with an increase in plasma osmolality both during ad libitum fluid intake and after dehydration. Urinary ADH excretion was at leastas great as in shamoperated controls during ad libitum water intake, but failed to increase during dehydration in spite of a marked increase in plasma osmolality. Pituitary ADH content did not differ from control animals either during ad libitum water intake of after dehydration. Animals with lesions in the lateral preoptic and septal areas did not differ from control animals during ad libitum fluid intake and after dehydration even though lateral preoptic lesions produced polydipsia. In all animals, lesions were remote from the supraoptic nuclei, which showed no histological evidence of damage. It is concluded thatareas of the central nervous system away from the supraoptic nuclei are involved in the regulation of both water intake and ADH release.


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