FEATHER GROWTH AND FEATHER COMPOSITION OF BROILER CHICKENS

Feather-sexed broiler chicks were reared in litter floor pens in a controlled environment building and offered mash diets meeting National Academy of Science-National Research Council specifications. Ten birds of each sex were killed at weekly intervals and individual feather weight recorded. These feathers were analyzed for crude protein and essential amino acids. From within five replicate pens of each sex, litter was removed weekly from 28 to 49 days, and molted feathers removed, cleaned and weighed. Feather weight was consistently correlated (P < 0.05) with body weight only from 5–7 wk of age. Females lost consistently more feathers than male birds, with this differential being a factor of 3.5. The methionine content of feathers decreased with age, while that of threonine, isoleucine and valine increased with age. The data are presented for use in model prediction of broiler amino acid requirements.

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Progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-021-00550-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sonia Yun Liu ◽

Shemil P. Macelline ◽

Peter V. Chrystal ◽

Peter H. Selle

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Meat Production ◽

Accurate Identification ◽

Reduced Crude Protein

AbstractThe prime purpose of this review is to explore the pathways whereby progress towards reduced-crude protein (CP) diets and sustainable chicken-meat production may be best achieved. Reduced-CP broiler diets have the potential to attenuate environmental pollution from nitrogen and ammonia emissions; moreover, they have the capacity to diminish the global chicken-meat industry’s dependence on soybean meal to tangible extents. The variable impacts of reduced-CP broiler diets on apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are addressed. The more accurate identification of amino acid requirements for broiler chickens offered reduced-CP diets is essential as this would diminish amino acid imbalances and the deamination of surplus amino acids. Deamination of amino acids increases the synthesis and excretion of uric acid for which there is a requirement for glycine, this emphasises the value of so-called “non-essential” amino acids. Starch digestive dynamics and their possible impact of glucose on pancreatic secretions of insulin are discussed, although the functions of insulin in avian species require clarification. Maize is probably a superior feed grain to wheat as the basis of reduced-CP diets; if so, the identification of the underlying reasons for this difference should be instructive. Moderating increases in starch concentrations and condensing dietary starch:protein ratios in reduced-CP diets may prove to be advantageous as expanding ratios appear to be aligned to inferior broiler performance. Threonine is specifically examined because elevated free threonine plasma concentrations in birds offered reduced-CP diets may be indicative of compromised performance. If progress in these directions can be realised, then the prospects of reduced-CP diets contributing to sustainable chicken-meat production are promising.

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The relationship between protein, essential amino acids and energy requirements of broiler chickens fed practical diets

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9770920 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 17 (89) ◽

pp. 920 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N Guirguis

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Protein Content ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Energy Requirements ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Maximal Growth ◽

Dietary Concentration ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between dietary protein, essential amino acids (EM) and energy was examined in two experiments using male broiler chicks fed practical diets to eight weeks of age. All diets contained a balanced proportion of ten EAA which was maintained over various treatments. Growth of birds was closely related to the EAA content of the diet and poorly related to dietary protein content. When the dietary concentration of ten EAA was treated as a combined unit and expressed as proportion of diet, 7.6 per cent EAA in an 18 per cent protein starter diet and 5.8 per cent EAA in a 16 per cent protein finisher diet were adequate to support maximal growth of male birds to eight weeks of age. Feed intakes were reduced as energy concentrations increased in diets regardless of protein content of diets.

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Amino acid requirements of the growing meat rabbit 2. Comparative growth performance on practical diets of equal lysine concentration but decreasing levels of other amino acids

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100003408 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 303-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. H. Schultze ◽

W. C. Smith ◽

P. J. Moughan

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Regression Line ◽

National Research Council ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Whole Body ◽

Asymptotic Model ◽

Amino Acid Requirement

ABSTRACTOver a 40-day period nine rabbits were each given one of nine isocaloric diets with progressively reduced amounts of crude protein (159 to 97 g/kg) but a fixed level of lysine; the latter was slightly below the higher of the National Research Council (NRC, 1977) and Societe de Chime Organique et Biologique (AEC, 1978) recommendations. The proportion of each other essential amino acid in the diet of highest crude protein concentration was close to a balance derived from the higher of each independently determined amino acid requirement given by NRC (1977) and AEC (1978), while the proportions in the two diets of lowest crude protein level were below those in a theoretical amino acid balance based on rabbit whole-body tissue composition. When an intersecting linear regression line model was fitted to growth performance data over the period, performance was found to be similar on the first six diets (159 to 123 g crude protein per kg) but further reductions in dietary protein were accompanied by a decline in growth rate and concomitant increase in food conversion ratio. Fitting of an asymptotic model to the data showed that growth performance first declined markedly between diets four and five (130 to 120 g crude protein per kg). These findings suggest that if a balance of essential amino acids relative to lysine, based on current amino acid recommendations, is adhered to in diet formulation for the growing rabbit, several of these amino acids will be in excess of requirement

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The effect of low crude protein diets supplemented with DL-methionine and L-lysine hydrochloride on male broiler performance

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200010760 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 ◽

pp. 165-165

Author(s):

N. Eila ◽

H. R. Semnani

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Protein Level ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

Low Protein ◽

Limiting Amino Acids ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Crude Protein Level

Crude protein is an expensive nutrient in broiler diets and the supply of essential amino acids is more important than crude protein. Therefore it’s possible to reduce crude protein level by supplementing diets with methionine and lysine as limiting amino acids. The object of this study was assaying low protein diets supplemented with DL-methionine and L-lysine hydrochloride on male broiler chicks.

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The effect of synthetic essential amino acids supplementation to low crude protein diets on growth performance and serum metabolites in broiler chickens

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal ◽

10.35943/mvmj.2019.23.205 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 24-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed Elshafey ◽

Abeer Aziza ◽

, Abdelhady Orma ◽

Tarek Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Final Body Weight

Objective: To assess the influence of reduction of crude protein (CP) by 5% and 10% with supplementation of crystalline synthetic essential amino acids (EAAs) on performance and carcass traits of broilers. Design: Randomized controlled study Animals: A total of 320 one-day-old broiler chicks, (Cobb 500) reared up to 35 days of age were randomly allocated into eight experimental groups with four replicates (10 each). Procedures: The treatments as follow; the first group of chicks were fed on control protein to meet the CP requirement and total AAs according to Cobb 500 recommendation; the second group were fed idle EAAs (Id EAAs) to meet the recommended CP and the digestible EAAs. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were fed on diet 5% reduction of CP with EAAs supplementation exceed the digestible EAAs requirement of Cobb by 110, 120, and 130% (LCP3+110EAAs, LCP4+120EAAs, LCP5+130EAAs). However, the sixth, seventh, eighth groups of chicks were fed on diet 10% reduction of CP with AAs supplementation exceed the digestible EAAs requirement of Cobb by 110, 120, and 130% (LCP6+110EAAs, LCP7+120EAAs, LCP8+130EAAs). Results: Broilers of group four, five, six, seven and eight showed a significant decrease final body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake at 21 and 35 days of age. However, the same variables were significantly enhanced in broilers of group one, two, and three (p <0.05). Additionally, there was a significant decrease of relative weight of abdominal fat pad of broilers in groups three, four, five compared to other treatment groups. Serum uric acid and cholesterol were linearly decreased with reduction of CP and supplementation with synthetic essential amino acids. Conclusion and clinical relevance: The present results indicate that reduction of CP by 5% or 10% with crystalline EAAs supplementation by 110, 120 and 130% more than the digestible EAAs of broiler recommendation did not support the growth performance.

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Apparent ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids in protein feedstuffs and trypsin activity in the small intestine in broiler chickens

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/8407-cjas ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 60 (No. 8) ◽

pp. 375-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Foltyn ◽

M. Lichovníková ◽

V. Rada ◽

A. Musilová

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Trypsin Activity ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Corn Distillers ◽

Very High

Coefficients of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) for crude protein (CP) and amino acids in five protein feedstuffs: corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), raw full-fat soybean (RFFSB), extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB), soybean meal (SBM), and rapeseed meal (RSM) were determined using 5-week-old male broiler chickens. Trypsin activity in digesta in the ileum and jejunum were also measured. CIAD of CP was the highest in SBM (0.73). The lowest (P < 0.05) CIAD of CP was determined for RFFSB (0.45). There was no significant difference in CIAD of CP between RSM (0.61) and DDGS (0.62). The CIAD values for all essential amino acids except Lys (0.52) were the lowest in RFFSB (P < 0.05). The CIAD of Lys was the lowest in DDGS (0.39, P < 0.05). The CIAD for all essential amino acids was the highest in SBM (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between EFFSB and SBM (P > 0.05) in CIAD of Leu (0.71, 0.73), His (0.66, 0.69), Lys (0.70, 0.77), Met (0.74, 0.80), Thr (0.60, 0.62), and Val (0.65, 0.67). Both the feedstuff and the intestinal region and their interaction had a significant (P < 0.01) effect on trypsin activity. The CIAD of CP and amino acids were very high and comparable both in EFFSB and SBM. The CIAD values for CP and amino acids in DDGS and RSM were lower than in SBM, but they seemed to be comparable to each other.

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The effect of synthetic essential amino acids supplementation to low crude protein diets on growth performance and serum metabolites in broiler chickens

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal ◽

10.21608/mvmj.2019.23.205 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 24-29

Author(s):

Ahmed Elshafey

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Serum Metabolites ◽

Protein Diets

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Rebalancing essential amino acids intake by self-selection in the rat

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19960172 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 669-682 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Gilles Fromentin ◽

Stylianos Nicolaidis

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Research Council ◽

National Research Council ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Micronutrient Intake ◽

Amino Acid Requirements ◽

Set Up ◽

Amino Acid Balance ◽

The Right

The purpose of the present study was to assess whether rats are capable of selecting the right proportions of two diets that are individually inappropriate in terms of essential amino acid composition to satisfy their amino acid requirements. Rats were offered a choice of one protein-free regimen and another devoid of only one essential amino acid (either threonine or isoleucine) set up in such a way as to provide amino acid balance if they were consumed in 1/3 and 2/3 proportions respectively. Preliminary experiments had established that all our diets were aversive by themselves except for the 60 g casein/kg diet. Rats did reach almost the necessary proportion with, according to published standards (National Research Council, 1978), some excess in isoleucine intake. In addition, given access to two aversive diets that were each nutritionally inadequate, rats showed no aversion and gained body weight when they had the opportunity to consume both of them. Beyond the capacity that rats have of rebalancing their micronutrient intake, the present experiment brings out the idea that the imbalance-induced aversion: preference ratio may be completely upset when this omnivore has access to more than one feed.

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Composition and Nutritional Evaluation of the Cuttlefish Muscle

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.1553 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 554-556 ◽

pp. 1553-1558

Author(s):

Sheng Jun Chen ◽

Lai Hao Li ◽

Xian Qing Yang ◽

Bo Qi ◽

Yan Yan Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Nutritive Quality ◽

High Quality Protein ◽

Acid Index

The nutritional components in the cuttlefish muscle were analyzed and the nutritive quality was evaluated in the paper. The results showed that the contents of the cuttlefish muscle in crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate were 16.60%, 0.86%, 1.30%, respectively. There were 18 kinds amino acids and the total amino acids reached 17.44%, with an essential amino acid index(EAAI) of 67.95. The composition of the essential amino acids in muscle ratio was consistent with the FAO/WHO standards. In addition, the contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 41.13%, 12.15% and 46.72%, respectively. And the muscle contains a higher content of EPA and DHA, reached 11.0% and 24.49%, respectively. It was considered that the cuttlefish muscle has a high nutritive value and it can be the important material of the high quality protein and unsaturated fatty acid.

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