Corn or alfalfa as the forage source in predominantly silage diets for late-lactation dairy cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Charmley ◽  
P. H. Robinson ◽  
R. E. McQueen
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Dietary Energy Density

Twelve multiparous and three primiparous cows were used in a 10-wk lactation study with two repeated measures to evaluate diets containing 90% timothy–alfalfa silage (TA), 84% corn silage (CS) or an equal mixture of each (TA–CS). Each diet was supplemented with minerals to meet requirements; barley was used as a carrier. Diets CS and TA–CS were also supplemented with urea, casein and soybean meal, making them similar to TA for undegraded intake protein (UIP) and degraded intake protein (DIP) levels. Two of the cows on each treatment were fitted with a ruminal cannula. There were no treatment effects on intake (27 g DM kg−1 BW), body-weight change or body-condition score. Milk yield averaged 15.3 kg d−1 and was not treatment influenced (P > 0.05); however, yield of fat and protein and percentage of lactose in milk showed a linear response to increased corn silage in the diet (P < 0.05). Rumen pH was least and rumen ammonia concentration greatest in the mixed silage diet (P < 0.05). Rumen pool sizes of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were not treatment influenced (P > 0.05). All treatments supported modest levels of production for cows in late lactation, with increasing dietary energy density from corn silage increasing energy output in milk. Key words: Dairy cow, silage diets, forage species, milk production

scholarly journals 200 Comparison of daily rotation and slow rotational grazing on ewe performance, parasite infestation, and soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
Kailey Bradley ◽  
Brooke Boyd ◽  
Lindsay Garrison ◽  
Morgan Higgins ◽  
Robert Newton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Slow Rotation ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Electric Fence ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Parasite Infestation

Abstract Impact of grazing method on ewe performance, parasite infestation, and soil was examined using mature, non-lactating ewes divided into slow rotation (SR; n = 20) or daily rotation (DR; n = 20) groups. Pastures previously grazed by sheep were divided and soil sampled. Temporary electric fence provided daily pasture allocation for DR. Ewes had been adapted to temporary electric fence for two weeks. Both DR and SR were moved to new pasture at the same time. Ewes were weighed and fecal egg counts were conducted biweekly. On alternate weeks, ewes were body condition scored (BCS), FAMACHA scored, and dewormed if FAMACHA score was 4 or greater. After 10 weeks of grazing (June 1-August 10, 2018), final ewe weights and soil samples were collected. Body condition score, FAMACHA, fecal egg count, body weight, and soil test results were tested for effect of grazing group, date, and group by date interaction using procedures for repeated measures with JMP software (version 10, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). The FAMACHA scores were greatest on July 6 (P < 0.0001). BCS were greater on June 8 and 22 than July 6 and August 3 (P < 0.0001). Ewes were heaviest on June 1 and 15, lightest on July 27 and August 10 (P < 0.0001), and DR ewes were lighter than SR ewes on July 27 and August 10 (P < 0.0001). No effect of treatment, date, or treatment by date interaction on fecal egg count (P > 0.23) was detected. Soil organic matter decreased over the study (P = 0.0024), but organic matter change was less in DR than SR (P = 0.0092). DR did not influence parasitism, but may enhance soil organic matter.

Changes in ultrasound measures of muscle and its genetic variation during lactation in dairy cows

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sloniewski ◽  
I. L. Mao ◽  
J. Jensen ◽  
P. Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Normal Feeding

AbstractChanges in ultrasound measures of muscle area (UtM) during lactation in different breeds and parities and with different feeding levels were examined. Random regressions were fitted to repeated measures of UtM in order to study changes in variance components of UtM during lactation. Correlations between measures taken in different stages of lactation and in different parities were also calculated. The shape of UtM curves during lactation appeared to be fairly consistent for all breeds and parities. The lowest point of all curves coincided with the expected nadir of body reserves during lactation. With lower-than-normal feeding level, the drop of UtM after calving was deeper and the overall level was lower. A major proportion of the variance in UtM was found to be determined by additive genetic variation. In all three breeds studied, repeatability and heritability estimates were high and fairly consistent during lactation and between parities. The very high genetic correlations between measures taken in different periods of lactation suggested that muscle growth and recovery are controlled by the same gene complex throughout lactation.Our results suggest that UtM, if used jointly with other body measures such as body condition score, could be a useful indicator of tissue mobilization and deposition in the lactating cow, especially during the early stage of lactation.

scholarly journals 95 Impact of daily movement with low or higher target residue on ewe weight gain and parasite infestation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 78-78
Author(s):  
Isabella Kukor-Laureano ◽  
Izzy Van Buren ◽  
Jay A Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Daily Movement ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Parasite Infestation ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Abstract Impact of grazing method on ewe performance, parasite infestation, and soil, was examined using mature, non-lactating Katahdin ewes. Pasture consisting of primarily common bermudagrass/crabgrass mixture previously grazed by sheep was divided into four, approximately one acre paddocks [two with a target of 3 cm residue (SR; short residue) and two with a target of 13 cm residue (LR; long residue)] and soil sampled. On May 17 (d 0), 5 ewes were placed on each paddock and provided with daily grazing allocation using temporary electric fence. Body weight and fecal egg count (FEC) was recorded biweekly beginning on d 0. On alternate weeks, ewe body condition score (BCS) and FAMACHA score was recorded. After 84 days of grazing, final data and soil samples were collected. BCS, FAMACHA, FEC, body weight, and soil test results were tested for effect of treatment (SR vs LR), day, and treatment by day interaction using procedures for repeated measures with JMP software (version 10, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). There was an effect of treatment (P = 0.0345) and day (P &lt; 0.0001) on BCS such that BCS was greater for LR than SR, and d 63 and 77 was greater than 35 and 49. There was an effect of day on body weight (P = 0.0008) such that body weights were greater on d 70 and 84 than d 0, 14, and 28. There was a tendency for a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.0766) on FEC such that FEC was greater for SR on d 70 and 84 than all other treatment days except SR on d 56 and LR on d 0. No effects on FAMACHA score or soil parameters were significant. These data indicate daily rotation with a higher target residue can result in improved body condition and lower FEC.

scholarly journals Production and marginal analysis of lactating cows subjected to dietary cation-anion balances

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e52698
Author(s):  
Cibelle Borges Figueiredo ◽  
Hermógenes Almeida de Santana Junior ◽  
Fabrício Barcelar Lima Mendes ◽  
Elizângela Oliveira Cardoso-Santana ◽  
Pablo Teixeira Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Marginal Rate ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Marginal Rate Of Return

The objective of this study was to evaluate productive, nutritional, and economic traits in lactating cows on pasture fed diets with different cation-anion balances (DCAB). Ten lactating ¾ Holstein × ¼ Dairy Gyr cows in the middle third of lactation, at an average age of 70 ± 4.6 months and an average body weight of 400 ± 55.2 kg, were distributed into five treatments in a 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design with two simultaneous squares. Treatments consisted of diets with DCAB of +237, +258, +294, +347, or +419 mEq dry matter (DM). No effects of intake were observed. There was no significant effect of DCAB on milk yield. The milk protein content was not influenced by the DCAB. Body condition score was not significantly affected by the DCAB. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nutrients (crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients) were not affected by the DCAB. Marginal rate of return did not show significant differences. Under good conditions of pasture, forage availability, and quality associated with the lactation phases of the cows, all diets were efficient in milk production, dry matter intake, and digestibility. However, in economic terms, the most attractive DCAB was +237 mEq kg-1 DM.

PSXIV-15 The effects of body condition score on the milk production and energy balance of transition dairy cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 472-472
Author(s):  
YangYi Hao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Transition Dairy Cows ◽  
Condition Score

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the effects of body condition score (BCS) on the milk production and energy balance of transition dairy cows. Seventy-five multiparous dairy cows were separated into four groups according to the BCS, HH (4.25 ± 0.23 and 3.35 ± 0.19 BCS, pre and postpartum, respectively, n = 17), HM (4.14 ± 0.15 and 2.92 ± 0.24, n = 19), MM (3.10 ± 0.21 and 2.78 ± 0.17, n = 23), ML (2.88 ± 0.23 and 2.46 ± 0.19, n = 16). The milk yield, rumen pH, etc., data were collected and analyzed using a one-way ANOVA model in SAS (SAS version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The ML group had a higher milk yield and total solid yield than the MM group (P &lt; 0.05), while the HH and HM groups had no difference with other groups. The HM and ML groups had a higher milk fat content than the MM group (P &lt; 0.05), while the HH group had no difference with other groups. Milk protein content in the HH group was higher than the ML group (P &lt; 0.05). The milk lactose, total solids, urea content in these groups had no difference. The ML group had a higher milk acetone content than the HH group (P &lt; 0.05). The BCS change in the HH and HM groups was higher than the MM and ML groups, and that in the ML group was higher than the MM group (P &lt; 0.05). The rumen pH had no difference within these groups. These findings collectively indicated the prepartum dairy cow with middle BCS would have a more efficient body fat utilization and a better milk production performance. Furthermore, reducing body fat loss is necessary to avoid the negative energy balance.

Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoid Administration on Feed Intake in Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Keelee J McCarty ◽  
Nathan Long
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Sodium Succinate ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Respective Treatment ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Low Cortisol

Abstract Calves (n = 63) from Angus crossbred cows were weighed and randomly assigned to treatments within 4 h of parturition (d 0). Each calf was intravenously infused with either a low cortisol [LC; n = 22, 3.5 µg hydrocortisol sodium succinate/kg body weight (BW)], high cortisol (HC; n = 20, 7.0 µg/kg BW), or a sham infusion control (CON; n = 21, similar volume of saline). Each calf was administered a second infusion of its respective treatment 24 h postpartum. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture before infusion and daily from d 0–17 of age and analyzed for leptin concentrations using a validated radioimmunoassay. Animal BW was collected every 14 d from d 0 until the end of the study. Heifers (n = 31; 367±4 d of age) and steers (n = 32; 385±4 d of age) entered a Growsafe system to measure feed intake (FI) and were allowed a 2-wk adjustment period to a commercial ration (1.27 Mcal NEm/kg and 15.8% CP and 0.45 Mcal NEg/kg and 13.8% CP, respectively; DM basis). Heifer body condition score (BCS) was collected at the beginning and end of the trial. Heifers were fed for 70 d and steers until they obtained a 12th rib back fat (BF) thickness of 1.15 cm. Data were analyzed via ANOVA or repeated measures using appropriate models of SAS. Serum leptin concentrations observed a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.0028), in which HC and LC were decreased compared to CON from d 2–17 of age. Calf birth BW and adjusted 205-d BW did not differ (P &gt; 0.056) between treatments. Heifer BW gain, BCS change, and number of feed events were increased (P = 0.001) in LC compared to HC and CON. Steers did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.080) in BW, BW gain, or BF thickness. However, LC steers observed greater daily FI (P = 0.047) and tended to have greater final BW (P = 0.080). In summary, exogenous cortisol administered to calves at parturition reduced leptin concentrations and improved FI of beef steers during a feeding trial.

Effects of barley silage particle size and concentrate level on rumen kinetic parameters and fermentation patterns in steers

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Soita ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Concentrate Level

Four Hereford steers (471 ± 31 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate the effects and possible interactions between silage particle size and concentrate level on digestion and ruminal fermentation parameters. Diets were designed with two forage to concentrate ratios [low forage, 20:80, high forage, 50:50 on a dry matter (DM) basis], combined with two theoretical chop lengths of barley silage; short (SBS) = 4.7 mm and long (LBS) =18.8 mm. Results showed that steers fed diets with SBS consumed more DM than those fed LBS. An interaction (P < 0.05) between particle size and concentrate level was noted for molar proportion of acetate. At the higher concentrate level, feeding SBS diets reduced the molar proportion of acetate but increased the molar proportion of propionate. An interaction (P < 0.05) between particle size and concentrate level was noted for ruminal pH. When compared to LBS, the daily mean rumen pH was lower (P < 0.05) for steers fed SBS with 80% concentrate but not for those fed the 50% concentrate diet. Ruminal ammonia concentration was higher (P < 0.05) for those steers fed the 50% concentrate diets than for those fed the 80% concentrate diets. With high concentrate levels, SBS greatly reduced (P < 0.05) ammonia concentration. Passage rates for particulate matter and the retention time were decreased (P < 0.05) when SBS was fed. Feeding SBS reduced (P < 0.05) total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (65.5 vs. 68.5%, 66.5 vs. 73.4% and 39.4 vs. 45.9%), respectively. These results suggest that barley silage with a theoretical cut length of 18.8 mm can promote higher rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen, and reduced particulate passage rates. These changes in rumen fermentation parameters should favor optimum rumen function and digestion when high concentrate diets are fed. Key words: Barley silage, particle size, steers, concentrate level, rumen fermentation

Association of body weight, loinlongissimus dorsiand backfat with body condition score in dry and lactating Holstein dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Jaurena ◽  
J. M. Moorby ◽  
W. J. Fisher ◽  
R. Cantet
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Error Model ◽  
Quadratic Term ◽  
Bcs Model ◽  
Condition Score

AbstractThe lactation cycle of the dairy cow induces large changes in body fat and protein pools, which can be monitored through loin backfat (BF) and longissimus dorsi (LD) measurements. Data from two experiments (exp) using Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (no. = 40 and 32 respectively) were used to study the association of body weight (BW), BF and LD depth with body condition score (BCS) for the last 6 weeks of the dry period (DP) and the first 8 weeks of lactation. Loin and tail BCS were manually assessed (0 to 5 scale) and BF and LD depth were measured by ultrasound at the fifth lumbar process. The BCS data ranged from 1.3 to 3.0 units in the DP, and from about 1.1 to 3.1 units during early lactation in both experiments. Data were analysed by two models: BW, LD or BF = exp + period (DP or lactation) + BCS + interactions + cow + error (model 1); and BCS = exp + period + LD + BF + LD2+ BF2+ exp × LD + exp × BF + exp × LD2+ exp BF2+ period × LD + period × BF + period × LD2+ period × BF2BF2+ cow + error (model 2).A first-order autoregressive (AR(1)) covariance structure was employed for the error terms to account for the correlation among repeated measures within cow. Regressions of BW and LD on BCS (model 1) found pre- to post-calving differences (P< 0.001) in intercept for BW and LD, and slope coefficients of 35 (DP) and 21 (lactation) kg BW, and 5.8 mm LD per BCS unit. Regression of BF on BCS (model 1) showed an exp × period interaction (P< 0.001), with 0.4 mm BF (exp 1;P< 0.05) and 2.0 mm BF (exp 2;P< 0.001) per BCS unit. Regression of BCS on LD and BF (model 2) showed intercepts not equal to 0 (P< 0.06), and differences (P< 0.001) between DP and lactation; BCS increased (P< 0.001) by 0.027 units per mm BF and 0.05 units per mm LD, but LD had a quadratic term −0.0004 (P= 0.02). It is concluded that at BCS lower than 3, LD contributes to BCS following a quadratic function, whereas BF causes BCS to increase linearly. Each unit of BCS equated to about 35 and 20 kg BW for DP and lactation periods respectively, to 5.8 mm LD, and to between 0.4 and 2.0 mm BF.

113 Influence of antral follicles count on conception rate in Holstein cows and antral follicles count variation on insemination day and on pregnancy Day 30 and 60

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
F. Morotti ◽  
R. G. Droher ◽  
A. F. Zangirolamo ◽  
M. M. Seneda
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Oocyte Retrieval ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Antral Follicles ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Condition Score

Several studies have indicated the population of antral follicles or count of antral follicles (AFC) as one of the main factors that influence the efficiency of reproductive biotechniques and its use as a marker of fertility. In this context, knowing the factors that interfere with or are influenced by this parameter is of crucial importance. Thus, the present study aimed (1) to determine the influence, in high-producing Holstein cows, of low, intermediate, and high AFC on the conception rate to AI, and (2) to evaluate if AFC shows variation at AI moment and in relation to 2 different moments of the gestation (30 and 60 days). In the first (n=95) and second (n=54) experiment, high-producing Holstein cows with a body condition score 2.5-4.5, aged 23-99 months, and maintained in a freestall system were inseminated. Using frozen semen from a single bull and performed by a single technician, the insemination was performed after detection of spontaneous estrus or induction with 25mg of dinoprost tromethamine IM. To determine AFC (follicles ≥2mm), the ovaries of each animal were examined by ultrasound at the time of AI at 30 and 60 days of pregnancy. The pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasound 30 days after AI. In the second experiment, 54 females considered pregnant on the 30-day examination had the AFC reassessed 30 days later (60 days of gestation) to determine the variation in the number of follicles. In the first study, cows were divided into low (≤35 follicles, n=30), intermediate (≥40 and ≤55 follicles, n=30), and high (≥60 follicles, n=30 cows) according to the AFC quartiles (Q1, Q2, and Q3). The AFC was analysed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey's test and the conception rate by the Chi-squared test. In the second study, the AFC was compared between day of AI (considered nonpregnant), 30 and 60 days of pregnancy by repeated-measures using the generalized linear model (P ≤ 0.05). In the first study, the number of antral follicles was different (P&lt;0.001) among groups with low (28±7 follicles), intermediate (47±5 follicles), and high AFC (72±11 follicles); however, the conception rate was similar (P=0.270) for the respective groups, at 26.7% (8/30), 36.7% (11/30), and 50% (15/30), respectively. In the second study, there was an increase (P&lt;0.0001) in the number of antral follicles during the pregnancy, from 55.1±3.1 follicles in the AI moment to 82.6±4.2 at 30 days and reaching 115.2±5.1 follicles at 60 days of pregnancy. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that the conception rate was not influenced by the different AFC groups; however, the AFC increased as pregnancy progressed. In addition, we can suggest that the initial third of gestation (when it is still possible to manipulate the ovaries) is a strategic moment for oocyte retrieval in bovine females for the in vitro embryo production.

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