Characterizing nitrogen transfer from red clover populations to companion bluegrass under field conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. M. S. Thilakarathna ◽  
Y. A. Papadopoulos ◽  
A. V. Rodd ◽  
A. N. Gunawardena ◽  
S. A. E. Fillmore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
N Transfer

Thilakarathna, R. M. M. S., Papadopoulos, Y. A., Rodd, A. V., Gunawardena, A. N., Fillmore, S. A. E. and Prithiviraj, B. 2012. Characterizing nitrogen transfer from red clover populations to companion bluegrass under field conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1163–1173. The ability of two red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivars, AC Christie (diploid) and Tempus (tetraploid), to transfer fixed nitrogen (N) to companion bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) was evaluated under field conditions. Plant samples were harvested three times during the 2009 growing season and N transfer from the red clover cultivars to bluegrass was determined using the natural abundance method for first harvest and 15N dilution techniques for second and third harvests. Soil and soil water samples were used to evaluate cultivar effects on soil N conditions. Both red clover cultivars derived more than 90% of their N from biological N fixation. The proportion of bluegrass N derived from interplant N transfer was 7, 11, and 26% for the first, second, and third harvests, respectively. Soil KCl extractable nitrate increased along the three cuts for Tempus in the 0 to 15-cm soil zone. Soil-water nitrate content increased periodically for AC Christie and remained constant for Tempus throughout the growing season. This result indicates that the two cultivars have distinctly different N cycling patterns.

Dinitrogen fixation and nitrogen transfer among red clover cultivars

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Farnham ◽  
J. R. George
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dinitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
N Transfer ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an important perennial forage legume used for hay or as pasture in crop rotations. Despite its traditional usage as a source of nitrogen (N) for cropping systems, little information is available on the amounts of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) that red clover fixes or transfers to an associated grass during long-term stands. Field research was undertaken in 1989 and 1990 to compare N2 fixation and N transfer potentials of one experimental and three common red clover cultivars seeded in binary mixtures with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Dinitrogen fixation and N transfer were estimated by 15N isotope dilution using orchardgrass pure stands as a reference. Over the 2-yr study, percentage legume N derived from N2 fixation ranged from 96.4 to 96.7% among the red clover cultivars. Total-season fixed-N yields in red clover herbage ranged from 72.6 to 159.2 kg ha−1. Dinitrogen fixation and fixed-N yields usually did not differ among red clover cultivars in either year. Percentage N in orchardgrass herbage derived from N2 fixation by red clover ranged from 43.7 to 70.5%. Total-season transferred-N yields in orchardgrass herbage was 16.9 kg ha−1 in 1989 and 57.8 kg ha−1 in 1990. Neither N-transfer nor transferred-N yield differed among cultivars in either year. It is concluded that, under the conditions of this study, the red clover cultivars tested generally did not differ in their abilities to fix atmospheric N2 or to transfer fixed-N to associated orchardgrass. Key words: Red clover, Trifolium pratense L., dinitrogen fixation, nitrogen transfer, isotope dilution

scholarly journals Study Sowing Grasslands Based on Red Clover with Perennial Grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denes DEAK ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Florin PACURAR ◽  
Anca BOGDAN
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Stable Manure

Seeded lawns is one of the most important links in the process of improving the forage base, ensure feed quality with high productivity. Mixtures of red clover crops (Trifolium pratense) with perennial grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) has high productivity due to better utilization of ecological niches of the biotope (ROTAR I.et al.). These crops has advantages like high content of protein because of the red clover, economy-based fertilizer nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen fixation by bacteria Rhizobium spp. located in the root of legumes. These seeded pastures get a balanced feed nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), have a high palatability. The species Trifolium pratense has a greater capacity to restore the soil structure and also the enrichment of the macro-elements, like phosphorus and potassium (CARLIER L., et. al). Our experience took place in the village Simonesti, Cobătesti village of the Harghita county. The experimental field was located respecting the experimental technique rules in randomized blocks with a technique that includes three variants based on red clover plus a perennial grass (Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense). Every version was fertilized with two types of fertilizer: one liquid (gull) and one solid (stable manure) in four different doses in all three variants. The doses were: V1 = 0 gull; V2 = 5 t / ha gull; V3 = 10 t / ha gull; V4 = 20 t / ha gulle and V1 = 0 stable manure; V2 = 10 t / ha stable manure; V3 = 30 t / ha stable manure and V4 = 50 t / ha stable manure. In our studies we present the influence of fertilization with gull and stable manure on yield of green mass of all three variants. In general, both gull fertilization with manure favors grasses at the expense of installing legumes. The higher doses of fertilizer increase, the share of participant of grasses increases.

scholarly journals Effects of Light Level and Nitrogen Supply on the Red Clover–Orobanche Minor Host–Parasite Interaction

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel I. Jokinen ◽  
Louis J. Irving
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Leaf Mass Area ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Potential Competitor ◽  
Orobanche Minor

Infection by holoparasitic plants typically causes decreases in host mass, thought to be primarily as a result of resource abstraction. Inverse relationships have been noted between the number of Orobanche spp. parasites infecting a host and their mass, suggesting that the parasites compete for a shared resource pool, assumed to be recently fixed carbon (C). In clover, nitrogen (N) fixation requires a high proportion of daily photosynthate and represents a potential competitor for recently fixed C. We grew Trifolium pratense, either singly or parasitised by Orobanche minor, under high or low light levels, and with or without exogenous N supply. Low light and N deficiency led to decreased host biomass, while the damage caused by parasitism was proportionate to host mass. Parasitism caused reductions in host leaf mass, area, photosynthetic rates and shoot N concentration, but did not affect starch accumulation. Parasite mass as a proportion of system biomass was significantly higher when attached to plants grown at high light, which was attributed to higher photoassimilate supply, while the N supply had no effect. While both N limitation and parasitism caused reductions in host growth, little evidence of competition for C between N fixation and the parasites was noted.

scholarly journals Aspen parkland pasture altered by Richardson’s Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii Sabine) activity: the good, the bad, and the not so ugly?

2016 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi J. Newediuk ◽  
Isobel Waters ◽  
James F. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Plant Community ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Aspen Parkland ◽  
Urocitellus Richardsonii

Although Richardson’s Ground Squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii) are considered pests throughout their North American range, their impact on forage in Canadian aspen parkland has not been explored. We investigated the effect of Richardson’s Ground Squirrel density on forage quality and plant community composition in an intensely grazed cattle pasture in the aspen parkland region of Manitoba, Canada. We detected no significant differences in forage protein content or legume, grass, and litter biomass among ground squirrel density levels. However, ground squirrel density did influence the abundance of invasive and forage plant species; greater squirrel density reduced the prevalence of Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis Leysser) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and increased the abundance of Quackgrass (Elymus repens (L.) Gould) and Black medick (Medicago lupulina L.). Plant community diversity also increased with ground squirrel density. There were no differences in soil bulk density or ammonia content among squirrel density levels; however, soil nitrate content was highest at low ground squirrel density. Changes in available soil nitrogen and relative abundances of forage species on this pasture may affect cattle diet by altering both the availability and quality of forage. Our findings highlight the need for further investigation of the role of Richardson’s Ground Squirrel on rangeland in the aspen parkland region to ascertain the generality of the effects documented in our study. Until such effects and their implications for cattle production are understood, land managers should refrain from exterminating colonies of Richardson’s Ground Squirrel.

Selection for persistence in red clover

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Christie ◽  
R. A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Root System ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Phenotypic Recurrent Selection ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Selection For

To increase the persistence of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), phenotypic recurrent selection was conducted under field conditions. After three cycles of selection, a strain designated as CRS-16, was developed. This strain has better persistence than the check cultivars, Florex and Marino, and has a more fibrous root system. Among 4-yr-old plants, about 10% initiated new shoots from below the crown. Key words: Red clover, Trifolium pratense L. persistence, root type

Forage tree legumes. II. Investigation of nitrogen transfer to an associated grass using a split-root technique

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Catchpoole ◽  
DW Catchpoole ◽  
GJ Blair ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
N Transfer ◽  
Tree Legume ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Split Root

In an earlier field experiment in this series, we found no significant transfer of N between Leucaena or Gliricidia and Panicum maximum. The glasshouse study reported here employed a split-root technique, whereby trees of leucaena and gliricidia were grown in boxes with 15N fed to one half of the root system and the transfer of N to the other half of the box was measured by sampling tree and planted grass. Detection of l5N in the grass tops and roots from the unlabelled half of the box was used to indicate N transfer from the tree roots to the grass. Transfer of labelled N to the grass amounted to 4.1% in the first 6 week period when 15N was being injected into the tree root zone. A harvest of the tree and grass was made at 6 weeks and both allowed to regrow for a further 6 weeks with no further addition of l5N. Over the entire 12 week experimental period 7.6% of the labelled N from the tree was transferred to the grass. The low proportion of N transferred from tree legume to the grass in this experiment, where herbage was cut and removed, is similar to the findings in the earlier field experiment and indicates that, in such a system, little direct beneficial effect of N fixation would be expected in an understorey grass or food crop.

Chemical and mechanical conditioning for field drying of Trifolium pratense L.

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1193-1198
Author(s):  
P. Narasimhalu ◽  
H. T. Kunelius ◽  
K. B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Mechanical Conditioning ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Low Rate

First growth and regrowth of Trifolium pratense L. ’Florex’ (red clover) were used to study the effect of conditioning on the moisture content (MC = g water g−1 DM) under field conditions. Chemical conditioning using desiccant agents and mechanical conditioning with rollers were applied separately or combined. Swath MC was measured for 52 h after cutting in five trials. In all five trials, the MC of field dried, unconditioned red clover was unsuitable for baling 52 h after cutting (range: 0.25–3.8 MC). In three of the five trials, conditioning failed to lower the MC below that of unconditioned red clover because of rain, even when DM yield was moderate (2.2 t ha−1 in trial 5). Under rain-free weather, the low-rate chemical or mechanical conditioning applied alone or high-rate chemical and mechanical conditionings applied together, to moderate and high-yielding stands of red clover (2.4 and 4.2 t DM ha−1 in trials 4 and 2, respectively), reduced the MC to 0.2 or lower, and provided the practical benefit of storing hay at least a day earlier than unconditioned red clover.Key words: Clover (red), hay, desiccant, roller conditioner, field drying

Influence of Paraquat on Seed Germination

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold P. Appleby ◽  
Ronald G. Brenchley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species

Three experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to study the effect of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salt (paraquat) when sprayed directly on seeds at the soil surface. Germination of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., var. DuPuit) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L., var. Kenland) was not affected at 1 1b/A paraquat, but germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., var. Newport) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., var. Linn) was severely reduced at that rate. A protecting layer of soil approximately 0.25 inch thick was completely effective in protecting the seeds from the effect of paraquat. Germination of seven other grass species was reduced by 0.5 1b/A paraquat.

Breeding potential of the backcross progenies of a hybrid between Trifolium medium × T. pratense to T. pratense

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiko Isobe ◽  
Akira Sawai ◽  
Hidekazu Yamaguchi ◽  
Mitsuru Gau ◽  
Kazuhiro Uchiyama
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Backcross Progeny ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mature Seeds

In this study, T. medium (zigzag clover, 2n = 80 and T. pratense (red clover, 2n = 28) were hybridized and backcrossed four times to T. pratense (BC1, BC2, BC3and BC4), and the seed production and vigor of the backcross progenies were assessed under field conditions. Both female and pollen fertility of the backcross progenies increased as the backcross generations advanced. Female and pollen fertility of BC4 were 21.3 and 65.3%, respectively. When honeybees were used as pollinators, almost all BC4 plants produced mature seeds in the field. Most of the BC1, BC2, and BC3 plants died by the end of the fourth year in the field, whereas 61% of the BC4 plants survived for 4 yr. The number of chromosomes in 79% of the BC4 plants was more than 28, which is greater than that of T. pratense. Differences in leaflet size and shape between BC4 plants and T. pratense suggest that genes from T. medium were expressed in the BC4 plants. These results indicate that BC4 plants may be useful for the improvement of the persistence of T. pratense. Key words: Backcross progeny, breeding material, interspecific hybridization, Trifolium medium, Trifolium pratense

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