SOME CONDITIONS FAVORING PRODUCTION OF OCHRATOXIN A AND CITRININ BY PENICILLIUM VIRIDICATUM IN WHEAT AND BARLEY

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. HARWIG ◽  
Y.-K. CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Ground Wheat ◽  
Penicillium Viridicatum

Wheat, ground wheat, barley, and heat-treated wheat and barley were inoculated with different strains of Penicillium viridicatum Westling and incubated under different conditions of moisture content, relative humidity, temperature, and time. An important factor for production of ochratoxin A and citrinin was humidity. A water activity (aw) of 0.90–0.93 produced high concentrations of the mycotoxins. Below this aw, the native mycoflora developed along with P. viridicatum and concentrations of the mycotoxins were significantly lower. A temperature of 5 C did not prevent production of the toxins under conditions of high aw and extended storage. Viable barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat seed (Triticum aestivum L.) were less prone to mycotoxin production than nonviable seed. Samples exposed for short periods to conditions most favorable for P. viridicatum were not visibly moldy but contained ochratoxin A. Such material, if used, may present a hazard to farm animals and man.

Effect of fungicide seed treatments on root pathogens of cereal crops under field conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Fernandez ◽  
W.E. May ◽  
G.P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Growing Conditions

It is of importance to reduce the spread of Fusarium graminearum to western regions of the Canadian prairies where Fusarium head blight has so far occurred to a limited extent. Determining the effectiveness of fungicides against F. graminearum in infected seed under various growing conditions will help design a comprehensive strategy for preventing the spread of this pathogen. Field trials at various locations in eastern Saskatchewan were conducted (2003-2005) to examine the performance of registered and experimental fungicides on Fusarium colonization of subcrown internodes (SIs) of plants derived from Fusarium-infected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum [T. turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] wheat seed, and on SI discoloration. Among the fungi isolated from discolored SIs were Fusarium spp., including F. graminearum, and Cochliobolus sativus. Fusarium graminearum infections were mostly seed-borne whereas infection by other fungi appeared to be mostly soil-borne. Compared with the untreated infected control, the combined seed treatments reduced discoloration of SIs, but no single fungicide reduced discoloration consistently across site-years or crops. Similarly, no product consistently reduced the isolation of F. graminearum or other Fusarium pathogens, although some fungicides appeared to be more effective than others in reducing isolation of F. graminearum or C. sativus. Our observations agree with results from a controlled-environment study of effects of seed treatments on F. graminearum colonization of plants derived from infected common and durum wheat seed, thus confirming that treatment of F. graminearum-infected seed with fungicides will not likely prevent the spread of this pathogen.

EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC SEED TREATMENT ON YIELDS OF BARLEY, WHEAT, AND OATS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. J. PITTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Magnetic Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Southern Alberta

Preseeding magnetic treatment of barley seed (Hordeum vulgare L.) resulted in seed yield increases in 13 of 19 field tests in southern Alberta from 1972 and 1975. Similarly, treatment of spring and winter wheat seed (Triticum aestivum L.) resulted in yield increases in 14 of 23 tests. Otas (Avena sativa L.) showed no yield response to magnetic treatment of the seed. Within specified limits, date of treatment before seeding, strength of magnetic field, make or model of the magnetic treater used appeared to have no appreciable effect on the response elicited by the seed and the resultant plant.

Effects of seed hydration on agronomic performance of wheat, barley and oats in central Alberta

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Kibite ◽  
K. N. Harker
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Seed Pretreatment ◽  
Moisture Conditions

A method of seed pretreatment called "seed hydration" has been proposed as a means of enhancing the ability of seed to germinate at suboptimal moisture conditions. A study was carried out to determine the effects of seed hydration on days to seedling emergence, days to anthesis, days to mature, grain yield and other agronomic characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) in central Alberta. Results from three field experiments carried out in 1986 and 1987 revealed that seed hydration had no effect on crops sown in moist soils, but on crops sown in dry soils, it increased the uniformity of seedling emergence and shortened (by about 1 or 2 d) the number of days to 50% seedling emergence. However, this 1–2 d advantage in seedling emergence did not affect grain yield or any of the other characteristics investigated. Key words: Oat, barley, wheat seed hydration, maturity, test weight

scholarly journals Biosolids Benefit Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Winter Cereals without Excess Risk of N Leaching

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1482
Author(s):  
Silvia Pampana ◽  
Alessandro Rossi ◽  
Iduna Arduini
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Winter Cereals

Winter cereals are excellent candidates for biosolid application because their nitrogen (N) requirement is high, they are broadly cultivated, and their deep root system efficiently takes up mineral N. However, potential N leaching from BS application can occur in Mediterranean soils. A two-year study was conducted to determine how biosolids affect biomass and grain yield as well as N uptake and N leaching in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), and oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch). Cereals were fertilized at rates of 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha−1 dry weight (called B5, B10, and B15, respectively) of biosolids (BS). Mineral-fertilized (MF) and unfertilized (C) controls were included. Overall, results highlight that BS are valuable fertilizers for winter cereals as these showed higher yields with BS as compared to control. Nevertheless, whether 5 Mg ha−1 of biosolids could replace mineral fertilization still depended on the particular cereal due to the different yield physiology of the crops. Moreover, nitrate leaching from B5 was comparable to MF, and B15 increased the risk by less than 30 N-NO3 kg ha−1. We therefore concluded that with specific rate settings, biosolid application can sustain yields of winter cereals without significant additional N leaching as compared to MF.

VARIATION IN PATHOGENICITY BETWEEN ISOLATES OF CLAVICEPS PURPUREA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. DARLINGTON ◽  
D. E. MATHRE ◽  
R. H. JOHNSTON
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Weakly Virulent ◽  
Grass Hosts

Isolates of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. originally isolated from many different grass hosts in the northern Great Plains and several other areas in the United States and England were tested for their pathogenicity to selected cultivars or lines of male-sterile wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). While there was a great range in the level of virulence, no clear-cut evidence of specific races was obtained. A few isolates were weakly virulent on two cultivars of male-sterile spring wheat but were highly virulent on the other two cultivars tested. Wheat and barley breeders are advised to use a mixture of isolates in screening germ plasm for resistance to ergot.

COLD HARDENING AND DEHARDENING RESPONSES IN WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER BARLEY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Time Required

Increasing the duration of freezing of Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demonstrated that severe injury does not occur to plants at a freezing temperature (−6 C) well above the lethal temperature for at least 5 days, but progressively more damage occurs as the temperature approaches the killing point (−20 C). High levels of cold hardiness can be induced rapidly in Kharkov winter wheat if seedlings are grown for 4–6 days at 15 C day/10 C night, prior to being exposed to hardening conditions including diurnal freezing to −2 C. The cold hardiness of Kharkov and Rideau winter wheat seedlings grown from 1-yr-old seed was greater than that from 5-yr-old seed. Cold-acclimated Kharkov winter wheat and Dover winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) demonstrated the capacity to reharden after varying periods under dehardening conditions. The time required to reharden and the maximum level of hardiness attained by the plants was dependent on the amount of dehardening. Considerable rehardening was observed even when both dehardening and rehardening were carried out in the dark.

Plant Volatiles and Oviposition Behavior in the Selection of Barley Cultivars by Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buddhi B Achhami ◽  
Gadi V P Reddy ◽  
M L Hofland ◽  
Jamie D Sherman ◽  
Robert K D Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Hexenyl Acetate ◽  
Host Selection Behavior ◽  
Selection Decisions

Abstract Wheat stem sawfly, [Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)], females display complex behaviors for host selection and oviposition. Susceptible hollow stem wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars release a greater amount of attractive compound, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and receive a greater number of eggs compared to resistant solid stem wheat cultivars. However, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is becoming a more common host for C. cinctus in Montana. Therefore, how do host selection and oviposition behaviors on barley cultivars compare to what happens when encountering wheat cultivars? To answer this question, we carried out greenhouse experiments using two barley cultivars: ‘Hockett’ and ‘Craft’. Between these cultivars at Zadoks stages 34 and 49, we compared host selection decisions using a Y-tube olfactometer, compared oviposition behaviors on stems, and counted the number of eggs inside individual stems. In Y-tube bioassays, we found a greater number of C. cinctus females were attracted to the airstream passing over ‘Hockett’ than ‘Craft’ barley cultivars. Although the frequencies of oviposition behaviors were similar between these cultivars, the number of eggs was greater in ‘Hockett’. Volatile profiles indicated that the amount of linalool was greater in the airstream from ‘Craft’ than in ‘Hockett’ at Zadoks 34 while the amount of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was greater in airstream from ‘Hockett’ at both Zadoks 34 and 49. These results suggest that volatiles of barley plants influenced host selection behavior of ovipositing C. cinctus females, while other discriminating behaviors do not differ between cultivars.

Considerations in the preparation of laboratory samples for the analysis of ochratoxin A in wheat

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Tittlemier ◽  
M. Roscoe ◽  
C. Kobialka ◽  
R. Blagden
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Laboratory Sample ◽  
Test Portion ◽  
Homogeneous Sample ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ground Wheat

A process used to prepare the test portion of ground wheat from the whole grain laboratory sample for ochratoxin A (OTA) analysis using dry comminution with homogenisation and sub-sampling via a rotary sample divider was developed and evaluated. With respect to OTA content, the developed process produced a homogeneous sample of ground wheat from 10 kg of whole grain. Relative standard deviations of the mean OTA concentration for five naturally contaminated wheat samples processed using the developed method ranged from 9% to 19% over a relevant concentration range of 1.7 to 7.6 mg/kg. Additional studies demonstrated that OTA was stable in ground wheat with moisture content between 12 to 13% for at least a year when stored at ambient temperatures. Further examination of the developed comminution and dividing procedure demonstrated that higher concentrations were measured in smaller sized particles, indicating that the accuracy and precision of OTA analyses could be affected by the particle size of ground wheat.

scholarly journals Phytotoxicity of Chitosan and SiO2 Nanoparticles to Seed Germination of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Plants

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faride BEHBOUDI ◽  
Zeinalabedin TAHMASEBI SARVESTANI ◽  
Mohamad Zaman KASSAEE ◽  
Seyed Ali Mohamad MODARES SANAVI ◽  
Ali SOROOSHZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Contrast Exposure ◽  
Mean Germination Time

Plants such as wheat and barley that are strategically important crops need to be considered to develop a comprehensive toxicity profile for nanoparticles (NPs). The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of chitosan and SiO2 NPs on wheat and barley plants. Two factorial experiments (seeds priming and direct exposure) were performed based on a completely randomized design in four replications. Results showed that the seeds priming with the NPs had not significant effect on germination parameters such as Germination Percentage (GP), Germination Rate (GR), Germination Value (GV), Mean Germination Time (MGT), Pick Value (PV) and Mean Daily Germination (MDG). In contrast, exposure of the seeds to the NPs had significant effects on these parameters. In both experiments, treatments had significant effects on shoot, seedling, root length, fresh and dry weight, as well as vigor indexes as compared to the control. In most traits, the best concentration of NPs was 30 ppm, whereas applications of the NPs with 90 ppm displayed adverse effects on majority of the studied traits. According to these results, selectivity in applications of NPs with suitable concentration and method is essential for different plant species.  

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